Korean experience of process safety management (PSM) regulation for chemical industry

From the 1960s, Korean industries have been encouraged by the government to nurture heavy and chemical industry and to modernize the economics and industrial structures. The development of chemical industry particularly became the turning point in industrial development, and played a major role in the construction of a new industrialized country. However, the process systems in the chemical industry have become more complex and larger, and the inventories of dangerous chemicals that are produced or consumed have continuously increased. Therefore, the hazards from potential accidents such as fire and explosion or release of toxic chemicals have also increased. In fact, from the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s in Korea, a number of major industrial accidents such as ABS extruder explosion, TDI release and dryer explosion, etc. Occurred and caused many fatalities. As the chemical companies recognized the importance of preventing major hazards, PSM system, the prevention of major industrial accidents, was introduced in January 1995 by amending Industrial Safety and Health Act, and it has been enforced from January 1, 1996. According to the law, the business owner of a workplace with hazardous or dangerous equipment shall submit a process safety report to the Government to prevent any accidents, which could inflict an immediate damage on workers or on areas in the vicinity of the workplaces. As a result of PSM implementation for 19 years, chemical accident prevention system has been stabilized and various kinds of effectiveness and desirable customer satisfaction have been made.     

福岛核泄漏事件对中国海污染的研究

2011年3月11日日本地震和海啸导致了日本福岛核电站核放射性物质泄漏事件.利用ROMS区域海洋模式对北太平洋环流进行模拟,并在此流场中加入核放射性污染物进行测试核放射性污染物是否能够输运到中国海域.在不考虑背景场浓度的情况下,福岛泄漏的核放射性物质在泄漏后4年能基本侵入整个中国海区,并且在10年内布满整个北太平洋区域,最大值区在北美的西岸外海.相较而言,将国际原子能的观测资料进行资料同化作为背景场使模拟更接近于观测事实.考虑了背景场的模拟显示,2019年进入东中国海的核放射性物质总量达到峰值.除此之外,还计算了各个海峡核放射性污染物通量及其随时间的变化,发现核放射性污染物主要通过吕宋海峡入侵南中国海;台湾海峡、台湾以东洋面为侵入东中国海的主要通道;核放射性污染物通过托克拉海峡、对马海峡流出东中国海.同时计算表明在未考虑径流的情况下,中国东部沿海地区的核放射性污染物浓度有着明显的季节特征,华南沿海冬春核污染物浓度高于夏秋两季,而华东沿海则相反.     

区域次生环境风险评价方法研究

针对化工园区内各装置次生环境风险进行了系统研究,建立了一套区域次生风险识别方法,并且以成品油储罐区和7万吨苯抽提装置为例对研究区燃爆类风险源和泄漏类风险源分别进行次生环境风险分析,识别化工园区内对环境有潜在威胁的风险源,结果表明：有8个危险源存在次生风险事故,且对可能发生的次生事故类型进行分析,为化工园区的次生环境风险的监控和防范提供了依据。     

毒气泄漏威胁下建筑气密性对就地避难效果影响研究*

针对我国毒气泄漏生产安全事故中就地避难策略的选择缺乏依据的问题，基于毒气扩散理论、建筑气密性分级模型及毒物浓度伤害准则，评析位于毒气泄漏源不同距离处不同气密性建筑作为“就地避难场所”的可靠性与有效性。结果表明:事故中，室外毒气浓度短时间内达到峰值后迅速回落，而室内毒气浓度达到峰值后回落缓慢；室内毒气浓度达到峰值所需时间受气密性影响小，但其降速随气密性等级的增大而明显放缓。最后，研究提出距泄漏源不同距离处就地避难建筑应达到的气密性水平。     

城市公共设施安全事故责任主体的辨析

城市公共设施的安全已经影响到社会的正常运转及人们生活的安定。我国大多数城市的公共设施建设与管理比较薄弱，安全事故层出不穷。为了减少事故的发生率，我们必须分析事故的本质原因以及找出事故责任单位，并采取有效的预防措施，将事故控制在萌芽状态。     

天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果分析

水平定向钻穿越施工以其导向准确、施工周期短、综合成本低等众多优点,越来越多地被应用于天然气管道工程。本文运用故障树分析方法,对天然气管道水平定向钻穿越施工中存在的导向孔质量不合格、预扩孔失败、管道回拖失败、地面塌陷、环境污染、人员伤亡等事故及其后果进行了识别和分析,辨识出天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果的二十一个主要影响因素,把其归纳为施工事故和管理事故两大类,并提出相应控制措施将定向钻穿越事故及其后果降低至最低水平,在天然气管道水平定向钻穿越的安全施工方面具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。     

Ageing management and monitoring of critical equipment at Seveso sites: An ontological approach

A safe “ageing” of Seveso establishments is a challenge for both operators and regulators. To this scope, Seveso III Directive required to integrate the equipment integrity issue into the safety management system for the major accident prevention; at the same time, the Italian Authority adopted a short-cut method for a quick ageing evaluation, which awards the application of the best techniques to control integrity and prevent deterioration-related failures. In this paper, the use of the ontology has been proposed to support decision-making about the implementation of technical solutions to control equipment ageing and comply the requirements of the Seveso legislation. To contrast deterioration mechanisms, the rapid development of data intensive smart sensors should be exploited and, in this frame, the automated on-line direct monitoring of equipment conditions, based on innovative low-cost sensors, is a novelty and promising solution. The developed ontology-based system points towards the adoption, when possible, of on-line monitoring. This solution provides much more data than traditional measurements and it is essential for the operators to understand how to merge concurrent information and data and to adequately control equipment deterioration. The ontology-based approach appears a viable solution even for this purpose. To demonstrate its potentiality, a real use-case has been used, where the model has been tested in finding the best technical solutions to improve the ageing management of an atmospheric distillation unit of a refinery in order to comply with safety requirements. A further use-case is given to show how the model can be used to react, after real-time damage signals, to restore safety conditions by means of an adequate decision-making.     

布袋收尘穿漏报警系统实验研究

简述了布袋收尘穿漏报警技术研究的意义及发展趋势,介绍了布袋收尘穿漏报警系统实验研究结果。     

高峰矿提升机用钢丝绳无损检测方法的研究

介绍了利用漏磁场原理检测钢丝绳断丝 ,磁桥回路测量钢丝绳磨损信号 ,并实现在一个传感器中对上述多种缺陷的综合检测。在信号处理方面 ,结合不同信号特征 ,设计了相应的电路和处理软件 ,实现了缺陷的定量检测     

沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸机理及相关计算理论模型研究

剖析了沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸 (BLEVE)的发生、发展过程 ,阐述了其机理及相关条件 ,研究并提出了两种BLEVE火球热辐射模拟计算理论模型 ,即近地面和抬升火球模型 ,以及爆炸超压模型。与有关实验结果比较和与已有模型的对比计算表明了所建模型的有效性