Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

高邮市城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性

根据2004年度高邮市主要纳污河流北澄子河流经城区后，污染物增加量、城区段河流的自净量及河流剩余环境容量，计算出城区段河流的总环境容量，再通过各年度河流流经城区后污染物增加量及自净量，计算出各年度城区段河流的剩余环境容量，分析城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性，得到线性公式，从而可以根据城区污染强度推算环境容量的变化，或根据环境容量的变化推算城区污染强度。     

煤中汞在燃煤电站中的形态转化

论述了汞在煤中的存在形态以及在电站燃煤过程中汞的形态转化过程和汞在大气中的传播。     

输变电工程电磁影响及其环境影响评价问题的探讨

结合各电压等级输变电工程环境影响评价的实际工作经验,以及国内工频电场和磁场污染投诉案例,介绍了国内外有关高压输变电工程产生的电磁环境与人类健康关系的研究进展.我国环境影响评价的相关标准已最大限度地考虑了电磁环境的影响,对民众健康不会产生副作用.同时,结合实际工作经验提出了加强和改进输变电环评工作的建议.     

医用电子直线加速器室辐射屏蔽防护设计

在满足《电离辐射防护与辐射安全基本标准》（GB18871—2002）的同时,合理设计医用加速器室的辐射屏蔽防护。以《电离辐射防护与辐射安全基本标准》（GB18871—2002）为准则,运用电离辐射屏蔽原理、计算方法,根据安装的医用加速器所具有的辐射物理特点和辐射防护的发展需求,对所有产生的射线进行严谨、规范和优化的屏蔽计算。结果表明,辐射屏蔽防护符合我国医用加速器机房使用标准。     

生物沥滤过程中城市污泥Zn、Cu的形态转化

利用80 L SBR进行了生物沥滤城市污泥实验,探讨了污泥胞外聚合物中重金属的含量变化,并对重金属Zn、Cu各化学形态之间的转化情况进行了分析。结果表明,整个生物沥滤过程中,污泥胞外聚合物中Zn和Cu含量先上升后下降,反应结束后,分布于胞外聚合物结合态中的Zn和Cu占其污泥胞外聚合物内总量的比例最高可达39.95%、58.77%。污泥胞外聚合物中松散结合态对Zn、Cu的吸附能力均强于紧密结合态;原污泥中Zn、Cu分别主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和硫化物及有机结合态存在,沥滤结束后,污泥中Zn和Cu均以残渣态存在。     

再生水中硫酸盐还原菌对Q235碳钢的腐蚀行为

再生水回用是缓解我国水资源危机的有效途径。然而由于再生水营养丰富,微生物大量繁殖成为其回用的关键问题。从以再生水作为补充水源的3倍循环冷却水中分离纯化出硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),在实验室条件下,采用环境扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、线性极化电阻、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等方法研究了SRB对Q235碳钢的腐蚀行为。结果表明,浸泡初期SRB生物膜抑制碳钢的腐蚀,随后促进碳钢的腐蚀,表现为点蚀,随着浸泡时间的延长,腐蚀速率逐渐下降并趋于稳定,但碳钢表面的粗糙度和腐蚀坑深却逐渐增大。7 d时碳钢表面形成完整的生物膜,随后扩散作用成为电极反应控制的主导。     

天津地区环境监测点PM2.5量化分析模型

为了研究天津地区PM2.5与5种日常监测的污染物——PM10、SO2、CO、O3和NO2的定量关系,通过天津环保物联网获取了11个环境监测点2013年8月—2014年5月的日监测数据,分别尝试了多元一次回归模型、二次回归模型和基于主成分分析回归模型进行建模与量化分析。相关性上,天津地区各站点PM2.5与5种污染物显著相关,其中与PM10、SO2和NO2相关系数分别达到0.89±0.03、0.63±0.09和0.69±0.06。模型评价结果表明,利用5种污染物监测指标预估PM2.5浓度基本可行,基于主成分分析模型效果最好,拟合度能够达到0.85以上,平均误差在20%左右。     

Understanding conflicting cultural models of outdoor cats to overcome conservation impasse

Many conservation conflicts are scientifically complex yet are rooted in value conflicts, which result in an impasse. Additional biological information alone is insufficient to resolve this type of conflict. Conceptual models that articulate the material aspects of a system are increasingly used to identify areas where parties disagree. Yet, modeling processes typically follow the conveners’ rules for discussing and assessing the topic, which can exacerbate conflict. Researchers have identified a need for processes that require participants to reflect on the limits of their own philosophical assumptions and acknowledge other perspectives. Cultural models are a promising tool for this purpose because they include nonmaterial beliefs, morals, and values that guide people's understanding of how to interact with an issue, sometimes subconsciously. We explored how cultural models used with conceptual models can improve understanding of value conflicts and used outdoor cat management as a case study. We conducted interviews and focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and cat welfare professionals involved in outdoor cat policy discussions in Hawaii and Washington, D.C. From these conversations, we developed a conceptual model of the outdoor cat management system and cultural models that led stakeholders to weigh elements of the conceptual model differently. Although wildlife conservation professionals generally spoke about outdoor cats as invasive species, cat welfare professionals spoke about them as homeless pets. These conflicting conceptualizations of what an outdoor cat is may help explain the root of many long-standing disagreements. Examining how and when stakeholders invoke different cultural models allowed us to identify management actions that work with, rather than challenge, those models. Dialogue that embraces conflicting cultural models can be difficult and uncomfortable, but has great potential to overcome conservation impasse and achieve lasting conservation results.