液化流滑变形模型及初步实验

简要分析了地震液化流滑的灾害问题,初步研究了液化不同阶段引起流滑的机制,建立了流滑变形模型,进行了三轴实验和振动台系列实验研究,着重研究了引起液化流滑的微观机制,以及如何通过孔压变化来判定和识别流滑事件.研究发现,影响液化流滑的因素主要有土壤的种类、颗粒级配和土壤赋存条件、均匀程度以及边界条件等,研究结果有助于进一步加深对液化大变形的认识.     

地震液化评价方法的对比与讨论--以添立大厦和添富花园工程为例

地震液化的准确判别，对建筑物安全影响颇大。结合添立大厦和添富花园工程具体情况，借鉴美国、法国和德国等在地震液化中采用两种或两种以上的方法做平行分析，进行了该工程的地震液化的评价。对各种评价方法所考虑的因素和侧重点进行了对比，并通过评价结果比较，说明了应用两种以上方法能提高判定的准确性及工程的可靠性。     

Production of biodiesel from macroalgae by supercritical CO2 extraction and thermochemical liquefaction

We compare two different techniques for the extraction of biodiesel from macroalgae: the thermochemical liquefaction and the extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO₂). The first allows to use wet material, while sc-CO₂ requires dry material and uses moderate temperature and pressure so that it can be useful for the extraction of thermolabile compounds which may decompose at the temperature at which thermal methos are carried out. In both cases the extracted oil was characterized quantitatively and qualitatively. The novelty of the work is that in the literature the use of macroalgae for the production of biodiesel has not so far been described, while they are used mainly as food or other purposes.     

尾矿坝的液化判别研究

概述尾矿坝液化试验判别的一般步骤,即根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中的初判条件对尾矿坝土层进行初判,在尾矿坝土层不满足初判的条件下,利用标准贯入试验对尾矿坝是否存在液化危害进行复判。影响尾矿料液化的因素很多,现有的液化判别方法过于繁琐,在综合考虑希德简化法和《构筑物抗震设计规范》提出的简化法的基础上,提出了一种主要考虑地震震级以及尾矿料的中值粒径、相对密度、静应力和尾矿料物理力学指标影响因素,并将其他影响因素综合为一个影响因素的简化判别法。以某个进行了标准贯入试验的尾矿坝为工程实例,采用简化判别法对该尾矿坝进行理论分析计算,并对试验和计算结果进行比较,得出理论分析结果与试验结果一致,表明该方法切实可行,可供类似工程参考。     

基于贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的砂土地震液化研究

砂土地震液化的影响因素具有高度的非线性关系,而神经网络在处理非线性问题上具有其独特的优越性.本文在探讨输人层模式的选择以及砂土液化影响因素的基础上,采用改进的贝叶斯正则化方法和"提前停止"算法建立了砂土地震液化预测模型,通过实例计算和模型评价,表明本模型的计算结果与规范法、改进的Seed简化法以及基于传统BP网络算法的...     

BP和Elman神经网络在砂土液化预测中的研究

基于砂土液化的影响因素具有非线性关系,而神经网络模型能够逼近任意非线性函数和适合于动态系统辨识的特性,分别建立输入层为4,隐含层神经元为2,输出层为1的三层BP神经网络和Elman网络,并且通过matlab软件运算,实例比较得出Elman模型比BP模型收敛速度快、精度高,在砂土液化的预测中效果更好。     

应用解蛋白菌生物预水解剩余污泥

本文比较了解蛋白菌——地衣芽孢杆菌在不同接种比(0.17%、0.66%、1.16%和1.65%,以TS比计)条件下,生物菌剂预水解对剩余污泥液化效果和脱水性能的影响规律.结果表明,以地衣芽孢杆菌为接种物进行生物预处理,可以促进污泥胞内物质的溶出,同时促进污泥中蛋白质的溶出和降解,但污泥的脱水性能会有所劣化.发现地衣芽孢杆菌的接种比为1.16%时,溶解性有机物的累积溶出量达到最大值,而继续提高接种比并不会增加溶解性有机物的累积溶出量;同时,在该接种比下,经过129 h的生物预处理,蛋白质与挥发性固体的比值达到最低,为初始值的72%,表明蛋白质的降解量达到最大值.但经过129 h生物预处理,污泥的模化CST值上升为初始值的2倍左右,经过生物预处理后污泥的脱水性能劣化.     

A comparison of on-site nutrient and energy recycling technologies in algal oil production

Research on biofuel production pathways from algae continues because among other potential advantages they avoid key consequential effects of terrestrial oil crops, such as competition for cropland. However, the economics, energetic balance, and climate change emissions from algal biofuels pathways do not always show great potential, due in part to high fertilizer demand. Nutrient recycling from algal biomass residue is likely to be essential for reducing the environmental impacts and cost associated with algae-derived fuels. After a review of available technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) were selected and compared on their nutrient recycling and energy recovery potential for lipid-extracted algal biomass using the microalgae strain Scenedesmus dimorphus. For 1 kg (dry weight) of algae cultivated in an open raceway pond, 40.7 g N and 3.8 g P can be recycled through AD, while 26.0 g N and 6.8 g P can be recycled through HTL. In terms of energy production, 2.49 MJ heat and 2.61 MJ electricity are generated from AD biogas combustion to meet production system demands, while 3.30 MJ heat and 0.95 MJ electricity from HTL products are generated and used within the production system.Assuming recycled nutrient products from AD or HTL technologies displace demand for synthetic fertilizers, and energy products displace natural gas and electricity, the life cycle greenhouse gas reduction achieved by adding AD to the simulated algal oil production system is between 622 and 808 g carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e)/kg biomass depending on substitution assumptions, while the life cycle GHG reduction achieved by HTL is between 513 and 535 g CO₂e/kg biomass depending on substitution assumptions. Based on the effectiveness of nutrient recycling and energy recovery, as well as technology maturity, AD appears to perform better than HTL as a nutrient and energy recycling technology in algae oil production systems.