中国矿产资源贸易网络演化

第四次工业革命催生全球新一轮产业竞争,矿产资源国内外供需形势正在发生显著的变化,国际竞争日益激烈,成为大国资源博弈的焦点。现阶段我国已经成为世界最大的矿产进口国和重要的矿产出口国,了解矿产资源进口来源地和出口市场网络直接关系到生产活动和经济发展。基于此,本文基于2001—2016年UN Comtrade世界矿产资源贸易数据,分析中国矿产资源贸易网络特征及其演化过程。研究发现：（1）2001—2016年间,中国在世界矿产资源贸易网络中的地位显著提高,这与中国持续增长的矿产资源贸易量和贸易国家数量有直接的相关关系;（2）中国矿产出口逐渐展现“市场分散”的策略,而进口逐渐从“多来源产品集中”演化为“少来源产品分散”的策略;（3）友好的国家关系和国家间互动频率会降低制度差异所带来的不确定性,而且友好的国家关系会降低矿产贸易的交易成本。基于结论提出如下建议：（1）中国矿产出口可以采取进一步分散市场的策略,避免出口到少数国家被压价的情况;（2）矿产进口可以考虑在原有进口国家中进一步多进口新的矿产资源产品,并拓展新的矿产来源国家,以满足日益增长的矿产资源需求,同时避免国家关系波动带来的贸易摩擦;（3）在我国矿产资源安全方面,中国要考虑到国家间制度差异所带来的贸易成本,并通过增加海外矿产资源投资、维护好国家间关系和促进交流来稳定矿产资源贸易。     

青阳县富硒土壤中硒的形态与水稻富硒的相关性研究

通过对青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量及种植水稻中硒的含量测定,研究青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的赋存分布特征,探讨水稻中硒含量及分布特点,同时对土壤中各形态的硒与水稻中硒的相关性进行研究。研究结果显示:青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量差异较大,其中强有机结合态、腐殖酸态和残渣态的硒,含量较高,占到总量的10%以上;而水溶态、离子态、铁锰态、碳酸盐态的硒含量较低,占总量比例皆低于5%;研究区水稻籽粒中硒的含量均值为0. 063 8 mg/kg高于全国平均水平0. 032 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒水稻的标准;水稻对土壤中硒的富集利用与土壤中硒的形态关系密切,当地土壤中水溶态和腐殖酸态的硒与水稻中硒的含量呈显著相关,而其它形态的硒相关性不明显,说明水稻吸收利用的主要是土壤中水溶态与腐殖酸态的硒。据此可以通过施加有机生物质的生产措施,增大土壤腐殖酸态硒的含量,提高土壤中有效硒的供给含量,以有利于水稻对土壤中硒的吸收富集,提高水稻中硒的含量。     

上海交通沿线农田土壤中PAHs分布特征及源解析

为探讨交通干线对周围农田土壤环境中16种优先多环芳烃（PAHs）累积的影响,采集了上海市交通干线旁与道路垂向分布的70个农田土壤表层样品及2个土壤柱样品,系统分析了土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量、组成及来源.结果表明上海交通干线旁农田表层土壤PAHs含量范围为23.16~21250.25ng/g,平均值为928.16ng/g,且随着与防护林距离的增加呈现出先下降后增加而后又下降的趋势,农田土壤柱中PAHs含量则表现出随着距土壤深度的增加而上升的趋势.基于正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型及特征因子比值法的来源辨析结果,表明表层土壤和土壤柱中的PAHs均主要来源于煤、生物质的燃烧及交通排放.     

高效液相色谱法测定环境空气酰胺类化合物

高效液相色谱法测定环境空气中酰胺类化合物,采用多孔玻板吸收管采集环境空气中的酰胺类化合物,吸收液经0.22μm膜过滤后,经C18色谱柱分离,采用紫外检测器检测。丙烯酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺的检出限分别为0.04μg/m3、0.000 2 mg/m3、0.000 2mg/m3（10 ml吸收液,采集15 L环境空气样品计）。高、中、低三种浓度三种酰胺类化合物的回收率区间为70.8%~90.2%,相对标准偏差范围小于9.6%。该方法操作简单,结果准确、可靠,适用于环境空气中酰胺类化合物的快速、准确监测。     

Toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method has been developed to evaluate structurally related compounds, sharing a common mechanism of action. Because certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) appear to fit this requirement and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, these compounds are TEF candidates. Toxicity is often expressed relative to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the reference standard (e.g., TEF = EC50_BaP/EC50_PAH). BaP‐like toxicity or toxic equivalents (TEQs) can then be calculated: TEQ = S(PAH _i × TEF _i ), where PAH _i and TEF _i are the concentration and TEF, respectively, for individual PAH congeners. Representative TEFs for PAHs were compiled from studies measuring carcinogenic potency and surrogate biomarkers. This review examines the application of TEFs to PAHs with established criteria (i.e., demonstrated need, defined chemical grouping, broad toxicological database, endpoint consistency, additivity, common mechanism of action, consensus). Although all criteria are not satisfied (e.g., endpoint inconsistency, nonadditivity) and more rigorous validation studies are needed, the TEF method is useful when limitations are recognized. Refinements of the method might include incorporation of pharmacokinetic factors and segregation of TEFs derived from mammalian vs. nonmammalian systems to increase endopoint consistency. Probabilistic analysis may also prove useful to assess the range of TEF values reported both within and between human health and ecological risk assessments.     

Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy

Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives.     

Alternative polymer separation technology by centrifugal force in a melted state

In order to upgrade polymer waste during recycling, separation should take place at high purity. The present research was aimed to develop a novel, alternative separation opportunity, where the polymer fractions were separated by centrifugal force in melted state. The efficiency of the constructed separation equipment was verified by two immiscible plastics (polyethylene terephthalate, PET; low density polyethylene, LDPE), which have a high difference of density, and of which large quantities can also be found in the municipal solid waste. The results show that the developed equipment is suitable not only for separating dry blended mixtures of PET/LDPE into pure components again, but also for separating prefabricated polymer blends. By this process it becomes possible to recover pure polymer substances from multi-component products during the recycling process. The adequacy of results was verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement as well as optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.     

Reexamining the Minimum Viable Population Concept for Long‐Lived Species

For decades conservation biologists have proposed general rules of thumb for minimum viable population size (MVP); typically, they range from hundreds to thousands of individuals. These rules have shifted conservation resources away from small and fragmented populations. We examined whether iteroparous, long‐lived species might constitute an exception to general MVP guidelines. On the basis of results from a 10‐year capture‐recapture study in eastern New York (U.S.A.), we developed a comprehensive demographic model for the globally threatened bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), which is designated as endangered by the IUCN in 2011. We assessed population viability across a wide range of initial abundances and carrying capacities. Not accounting for inbreeding, our results suggest that bog turtle colonies with as few as 15 breeding females have >90% probability of persisting for >100 years, provided vital rates and environmental variance remain at currently estimated levels. On the basis of our results, we suggest that MVP thresholds may be 1–2 orders of magnitude too high for many long‐lived organisms. Consequently, protection of small and fragmented populations may constitute a viable conservation option for such species, especially in a regional or metapopulation context. Reexaminando el Concepto de Población Mínima Viable para Especies Longevas Resumen     

Screening of antibiotic residues in fresh milk of Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

The prevalence of two groups of antibiotics; namely penicillin and sulfonamides was studied in fresh milk available in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The milk samples (n = 140) were collected from three different sources; individual farmers, cottage dairies and organized dairies of Kathmandu valley. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis with rapid screening kits revealed that 23% samples were positive for antibiotic residues in the fresh milk for penicillin and sulfonamide groups (1–256 µg/kg). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses detected 81% samples positive for amoxicillin (68–802 µg/kg), 41% for sulfadimethoxine (31–69 µg/kg), 27% for penicillin G (13–353 µg/kg), and 12% for ampicillin (0.5–92 µg/kg). Due to the precision and accuracy of liquid chromatography method, it detected more positive samples and consequently presented higher prevalence than the rapid screening kits. The antibiotic residues were found above the maximum residue limits that presented serious threat to consumer health and raised a serious concern regarding the implementation and monitoring of international regulations in developing countries.     

跨国水资源和谐开发十大关系法律初探

跨国水资源特有的属性使其对于一个国家具有多方面的利益,因跨国水资源开发而引发的矛盾日益凸显,针对这些矛盾以及可能引发的新争端,应对跨国河流的开发保护现状和未来利用计划以及涉及邻国利益可能引发的争端,有通盘的权衡和充分的认识,因此,结合相关法律,处理好跨国水资源开发中的十大关系将成为跨国水资源和谐开发的关键。具体包括:国家主权与水权之间的关系;国家主权与云雾等大气水之间的关系;下游流域国家之间的关系;先利用国家与后开发国家之间的关系;跨国地下水与地表水的关系;水资源公平利用与合理开发之间的关系;跨国水资源的冲突与国际合作之间的关系;利益分享与责任承担之间的关系;跨国水资源开发利用与水资源损害预防的关系;流域国家与非流域国家之间的关系等。在此基础上,中国在开发跨国河流时也应受到启发,做到既满足自身需要,又兼顾他国利益,以实现跨国水资源的和谐开发。