新冠肺炎疫情对农村人居环境整治的影响

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情的发生,影响了我国经济水平较低、环境管控力度较薄弱的农村地区的发展.通过对新冠肺炎防疫过程与农村人居环境整治工作间的相互关系进行剖析,探究新冠肺炎疫情防控对农村人居环境整治的主要影响.结果表明,农村垃圾堆积、污水处理不当、厕所粪污无害化处理不达标以及基础设施建设不完善等农村人居环境薄弱环节,存在形成病毒传播扩散途径的风险.而交通运输限制虽然有效抑制了新冠肺炎疫情扩散,但也致使农村人居整治工作延滞.同时,新冠肺炎疫情的传播扩散在短期内限制了农民行为活动,降低了群众对农村人居环境整治工作的热情.据此,建议应健全农村人居环境整治制度,完善整治工程技术,从而在有效管控新冠肺炎疫情传播的同时,更好地推进农村人居环境整治,提高农民生活质量,为疫情过后恢复农民生活、农业生产以及农村发展打下坚实的基础.      

中国城乡居民生活消费碳排放变化的比较研究

基于碳排放系数法估算了1997~2015年中国城镇、农村和整体（包含城镇和农村）居民生活消费引起的直接碳排放量,进一步采用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度函数估计方法对中国城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的地区差距及分布动态进行实证研究.同时,采用乘积式对数平均迪式指数模型（M-LMDI）分析了直接能源消费强度、居民人均消费水平和单位能源碳排放强度3大因素对居民消费碳排放变化的影响,并重点考察了各省份相关变量对生活消费碳排放影响的城乡差异.结果表明：（1）中国城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放量在研究期内呈现逐年递增的趋势,在空间上均存在显著非均衡特征.（2）中国居民人均生活消费碳排放的地区总差异呈现波动下降的趋势,从1997年的0.379下降到2015年的0.244.1997~1999年城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的组间差距是城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率超过50%.2000年后组内差距成为城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率均大于40%并超过了组间差距.（3）城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放均在增加,地区差异均在扩大.（4）对全国居民生活消费碳排放变动贡献最大的省区是内蒙古,累计贡献值达0.1005.贡献最小的省区是云南,累计贡献值为0.0125.（5）农村的能源消费强度和人均消费水平的贡献程度在研究期内均大于城镇,单位能源碳排放强度在两个地区的贡献水平表现出了波动性.     

Free ‐ living animals as indicators of environmental pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons

As some species of game and free‐living animals promptly respond to ecosystem damage by a reaction that is easy to interpret, they are important ecological indicators in assessing the total contamination of the environment. Consumers of the highest order like predators, predatory and fish‐eating birds are among the most important bioindicators of environmental contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCB.

Data on chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCB levels were collected throughout 1988–1992 and obtained from 16 species of free‐living animals from 9 protected areas of Slovakia. Muscle tissue, liver, kidney and egg samples were examined for HCB, HCH isomers, DDT and its analogues, and PCB.

Levels of organic chlorinated contaminants reveal a decreasing tendency and thus cease to be a toxicologically important risk factor in game, with the exception of predatory birds, as significant values have been recorded in their eggs and reproductive organs.     

厌氧折流板污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）活性厌氧污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的吸附与生物降解性能,并与失活污泥进行了对比。试验结果表明,35℃时厌氧活性污泥2h、12h、6d的脱色率分别为78.2%、86.0%、98.9%。无论在反应初始阶段还是稳定阶段,ABR活性厌氧污泥对染料的去除效果都明显优于失活污泥。而且在初始COD为1152mg/L的,由于非有效吸附位置染料脱落等原因,反应期间,失活污泥混合液中染料浓度还会升高。情况下,活性厌氧污泥混合液出水COD为86.0mg/L,去除率约为92.5%。这说明ABR厌氧污泥微生物在短时间内便可以得到驯化,一旦厌氧微生物适应生长环境,生物降解便开始对染料发挥作用。     

生存空间相对性的再研究

生存空间可分为狭义和广义两种,狭义生存空间的特点是有限性和潜在性,扩展性或相对性则是广义生存空间的最大特征;对生存空间的分类研究,有助于某一国家或地区生存现状和发展潜力的评价;人们通过贸易,交换着各自的生存空间;发展经济和科学技术,合理分配生活和生产空间,保护环境,控制人口,以及对资源的合理分配,是人类保护和扩大生存空间努力的基本方面。     

萧红创作的生命底色

萧红被誉为20世纪30年代的文学洛神。她30韶华年纪便撒手人寰，令时人和后人深深叹惋.然而，对于人生的痛切体验和感悟，对于普通人的生存状态和生命意义的关注和探究，却充满灵性地从这位年轻作家的笔端如山泉般潺潺流出，汇聚成关于生命这个历久弥新话题的涌动的歌。而对人性弱点的剖露，对国民性弱点的批判，对美好人性的歌咏又使作家对人生这部大书的解读富有深度和韵味。     

Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls

Reconciling human and non-human use of urban regions to support biological conservation represents a major challenge for the 21st century. The concept of reconciliation ecology, by which the anthropogenic environment may be modified to encourage non-human use and biodiversity preservation without compromising societal utilization, potentially represents an appropriate paradigm for urban conservation given the generally poor opportunities that exist for reserve establishment and ecological restoration in urban areas. Two habitat improvement techniques with great potential for reconciliation ecology in urban areas are the installation of living roofs and walls, which have been shown to support a range of taxa at local scales. This paper evaluates the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls, in particular highlighting both ecological and societal limitations that need to be overcome for application at the landscape scale. We further consider that successful utilization of living roofs and walls for urban reconciliation ecology will rely heavily on the participation of urban citizens, and that a 'citizen science' model is needed to facilitate public participation and support and to create an evidence base to determine their effectiveness. Living roofs and walls are just one aspect of urban reconciliation ecology, but are particularly important 'bottom-up' techniques for improving urban biodiversity that can be performed directly by the citizenry.     

城市生活垃圾对城市生态系统的破坏及防治对策分析

随着我国经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市居民生活水平的不断提高,人们面临着日趋严重的环境问题,特别是城市生活垃圾问题,已经成为当今世界最严重的公害之一。城市是产生生活垃圾最为集中的地方,主要包括炊厨废物、废纸、织物、家用什具、玻璃陶瓷碎片、废电器制品、废塑料制品、煤灰渣、废交通工具等。城市生活垃圾处理不当,不仅会影响城市环境卫生,侵占城市的土地,而且更为严重的是对城市生态系统产生一定的破坏。例如对城市周围的土壤、水体、大气等造成污染,对人们的健康造成威胁。本文综述我国城市生活垃圾处理现状对城市生态系统破坏及其如何防治加以探讨。     

Social network analysis and valid Markov chain Monte Carlo tests of null models

Analyses of animal social networks derived from group-based associations often rely on randomisation methods developed in ecology (Manly, Ecology 76:1109–1115, 1995) and made available to the animal behaviour community through implementation of a pair-wise swapping algorithm by Bejder et al. (Anim Behav 56:719–725, 1998). We report a correctable flaw in this method and point the reader to a wider literature on the subject of null models in the ecology literature. We illustrate the importance of correcting the method using a toy network and use it to make a preliminary analysis of a network of associations among eagle rays.

Gunnison’s prairie dog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynomys gunnisoni</Emphasis>): testing the resource dispersion hypothesis

Few studies have experimentally tested the resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH). In this study, I tested whether space use and social organization of Gunnison’s prairie dog responded to changes in the dispersion and abundance of resources. Food manipulations were carried out during the reproductive and nonreproductive seasons across 2 years. Gunnison’s prairie dog adults responded to the experiments by decreasing territory size as food became patchier in space and time. Both males and females modified their home ranges, with no detectable difference between sexes, either prior to or during the experiments. As food became patchier in space and time, the spatial overlap of adults increased, whereas it decreased as food became more evenly dispersed. The average size of a group, defined as those individuals occupying the same territory, did not change significantly as a result of the experiments. Where changes in the composition and size of groups did occur, there was no indication that such changes were sex specific. Results from this study support critical components of the RDH and strongly suggest that patterns of space use and social structure in Gunnison’s prairie dogs are the result of individual responses to resource abundance and distribution.