基于元胞自动机的低影响开发对城市内涝削减效果模拟

低影响开发措施是解决城市内涝问题的重要途径。为评估其对城市内涝的防控效果,论文以福建省长汀县县城为研究案例,提出适宜在研究区开展的透水铺装、下凹式绿地、雨水罐等低影响开发措施方案,利用基于元胞自动机模型的城市内涝模型进行模拟,并通过验证发现元胞自动机模型可有效模拟城市内涝过程。对比低影响开发改造前后的内涝情况,结果显示：1）低影响开发措施能使内涝积水总量削减超过50%,暴雨重现期越长对内涝现象的削弱效果越低;2）通过分析改造前后内涝积水区的空间格局及变化特征,可见大部分内涝积水区在改造后积水削减幅度较大,卧龙山北部及汀江干流左岸的积水区内涝情况改善幅度较小;3）低影响开发改造削减效果最好的为积水深度低于0.2 m的区域,其次为积水深度高于0.5 m的区域,对积水深度处于0.2~0.5 m的区域削减效果并不明显。研究表明低影响开发措施可有效控制城市的内涝灾害。     

回转式空气预热器堵灰的预防与清除

锅炉回转式空气预热器的堵灰普遍存在,它对锅炉的安全、经济运行有很大影响。对回转式空气预热器堵灰产生的原因、机理和影响因素进行了分析研究,提出了防治措施。     

氨氮生物硝化分段动力学特性研究

本文利用富集培养的硝化污泥研究了氨氮生物硝化动力学的基本规律.结果表明,氨氮浓度对硝化速率有显著的影响.主体溶液中氨氮质量浓度小于2.3 mg/L时,硝化符合一级反应动力学.随着溶液中氨氮浓度升高,将会出现半级(本文为0.35级)或零级反应动力学,对应的氨氮质量浓度范围分别为2.3～18.2 mg/L和18.2～100 mg/L.各级反应的速率常数分别为0.16 d-1/(mg/L)、0.23 d-1/(mg/L)0.35和0.61d-1.氨氮质量浓度不同,动力学级数不同,硝化速率不同,达到相同的硝化效率反应时间有很大的差别.由于完全混合式反应器的硝化速率主要取决于出水氨氮浓度;因此氨氮出水浓度要求越低,硝化速率越低,反应时间越长,达到较彻底的硝化程度就越困难.     

基于模糊BP神经网络的深基坑支护方案优选

介绍了深基坑支护方案优选模型的建立过程及其实例分析。基于深基坑支护方案优选影响因素的模糊性和因素之间的关联性,笔者将模糊优选理论与神经网络理论相结合,在详细分析深基坑支护方案优选影响因素的基础上,建立了4层深基坑支护方案模糊BP优选神经网络模型,提出了模型参数和方案优选反馈计算的方法。应用该方法对北京市某广场大厦的基坑支护方案进行了分析,实例结果表明,采用该方法所进行的深基坑支护方案优选,获得令人满意的效果,是一种值得推广的方法。     

潜流湿地处理旅游区生活污水生产试验:以COD为例

以某大型潜流人工湿地污水处理工程为实验基地，对潜流人工湿地工艺进行生产研究，本文介绍其对COD的去除性能。该工程COD进水平均98mg／L，出水平均38mg／L，达到GB18918-2002中一级A排放标准。当单级湿地进水COD浓度小于80mg／L，两级串联湿地进水COD浓度小于100mg／L时，可使湿地出水浓度小于50mg／L。工艺类型上，下行流湿地优点突出、最为全面，优势明显。不同植物配置上，本生产实验条件下，一级湿地种植芦苇和芦竹去处效果接近，二级湿地不同植物优劣排序：灯芯草〉美人蕉〉香蒲〉水竹〉香根草。     

PHYSICAL HYDROLOGY AND THE EFFECTS OF FOREST HARVESTING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A REVIEW1

The Pacific Northwest encompasses a range of hydrologic regimes that can be broadly characterized as either coastal (where rain and rain on snow are dominant) or interior (where snowmelt is dominant). Forest harvesting generally increases the fraction of precipitation that is available to become streamflow, increases rates of snowmelt, and modifies the runoff pathways by which water flows to the stream channel. Harvesting may potentially decrease the magnitude of hyporheic exchange flow through increases in fine sediment and clogging of bed materials and through changes in channel morphology, although the ecological consequences of these changes are unclear. In small headwater catchments, forest harvesting generally increases annual runoff and peak flows and reduces the severity of low flows, but exceptions have been observed for each effect. Low flows appear to be more sensitive to transpiration from vegetation in the riparian zone than in the rest of the catchment. Although it appears that harvesting increased only the more frequent, geomorphically benign peak flows in several studies, in others the treatment effect increased with return period. Recovery to pre‐harvest conditions appeared to occur within about 10 to 20 years in some coastal catchments but may take many decades in mountainous, snow dominated catchments.     

适用于弱碱性条件下使用的防垢剂研究

在防垢剂防垢性能测评中,对适于弱碱性条件下的防垢剂进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,在pH值为8时,有机膦酸、膦羧酸类防垢剂均具有很好的防垢性能;加入量为5mg/L时,对碳酸钙的防垢率可达95%以上。在pH值为9时,复配防垢剂有较好的防垢效果。例如FG-01与HPAA按1∶1复配后,加入量为5mg/L时,防垢率可达71.3%;加入量为10mg/L时,防垢率可达78.1%。     

Net-cost model for workplace interventions

PROBLEM: Few methods exist for comprehensively examining the costs and benefits of ergonomic interventions applicable to a variety of economic sectors and settings. METHODS: An instrument for data collection and data analysis at the facility level is presented. In this net-cost model intervention costs are defined by equipment and labor costs for the interventions as well as the avoided costs of lost work time, medical care, and productivity improvements. RESULTS: Net-cost estimates for three case studies show that ergonomic interventions applied appropriately can result in substantial cost savings for the companies. DISCUSSION: It would be prudent to incorporate a protocol for collecting cost and effectiveness data in the standard operating procedures of companies introducing ergonomic interventions. Validation of the net-cost model through prospective studies is necessary. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This model may be used to determine the net-cost of implemented or proposed ergonomic interventions in industrial facilities.     

我国欠发达地区城市化研究进展及前瞻

在分析欠发达地区城市化影响因素、发展战略、模式及动力机制的基础上，认为我国现阶段关于欠发达地区城市化的研究主要有两点不足：一是缺乏对以人的素质作为城市化推动力的研究；二是在研究空间结构上缺乏对行政区交界处落后地区城市化的研究。为此，关注对人的研究、扩大空间范围应是今后研究的方向。     

低丘红壤地区种植制度的优化设计—以江西临川县为例

本文论述了低丘红壤地区种植制度优化设计的原则和方法,指出引种玉米和制定最佳的作物生产群体是该地区种植制度优化设计的重要方面。