PHYSICAL HYDROLOGY AND THE EFFECTS OF FOREST HARVESTING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A REVIEW1

The Pacific Northwest encompasses a range of hydrologic regimes that can be broadly characterized as either coastal (where rain and rain on snow are dominant) or interior (where snowmelt is dominant). Forest harvesting generally increases the fraction of precipitation that is available to become streamflow, increases rates of snowmelt, and modifies the runoff pathways by which water flows to the stream channel. Harvesting may potentially decrease the magnitude of hyporheic exchange flow through increases in fine sediment and clogging of bed materials and through changes in channel morphology, although the ecological consequences of these changes are unclear. In small headwater catchments, forest harvesting generally increases annual runoff and peak flows and reduces the severity of low flows, but exceptions have been observed for each effect. Low flows appear to be more sensitive to transpiration from vegetation in the riparian zone than in the rest of the catchment. Although it appears that harvesting increased only the more frequent, geomorphically benign peak flows in several studies, in others the treatment effect increased with return period. Recovery to pre‐harvest conditions appeared to occur within about 10 to 20 years in some coastal catchments but may take many decades in mountainous, snow dominated catchments.     

Net-cost model for workplace interventions

PROBLEM: Few methods exist for comprehensively examining the costs and benefits of ergonomic interventions applicable to a variety of economic sectors and settings. METHODS: An instrument for data collection and data analysis at the facility level is presented. In this net-cost model intervention costs are defined by equipment and labor costs for the interventions as well as the avoided costs of lost work time, medical care, and productivity improvements. RESULTS: Net-cost estimates for three case studies show that ergonomic interventions applied appropriately can result in substantial cost savings for the companies. DISCUSSION: It would be prudent to incorporate a protocol for collecting cost and effectiveness data in the standard operating procedures of companies introducing ergonomic interventions. Validation of the net-cost model through prospective studies is necessary. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This model may be used to determine the net-cost of implemented or proposed ergonomic interventions in industrial facilities.     

低压文丘里除尘器在选厂碎矿粉尘治理中的应用

低压文丘里除尘器具有除尘效率高、阻力小、能耗低、安装使用方便等特点 ,在我公司篦子沟矿选厂使用表明 :岗位粉尘浓度小于 2mg m3,外排粉尘浓度小于 6 4.32mg m3,除尘效率达 98.9%     

矿井回风流中低浓度瓦斯利用现状及前景

矿井回风流瓦斯直接排放到大气中 ,不仅造成了资源的浪费 ,而且加剧了温室效应 ,如何利用低浓度瓦斯是迫切需要研究的课题。介绍了矿井瓦斯利用存在的主要问题 ,介绍了作为辅助燃料和主要燃料在国外的研究利用情况 ,重点介绍了TFRR的原理、反应过程及热量的回收利用方式 ,并对低浓度甲烷的应用前景进行了展望。     

电除尘器反电晕现象的模拟试验研究

研究了电除尘过程中的反电晕现象及其对ESP工作的影响，对现有抑制反电晕的措施进行了分析总结，提出了使用合理的极配方式来减弱反电晕的影响，以期能促进ESP在收集高比电阻粉尘方面的应用。     

基于Fluent的城镇中低压燃气管线喷射火事故的后果研究

为了对城镇中低压燃气管线喷射火事故进行有效的风险评估,根据典型事故案例创建了城镇路面埋地燃气管线泄漏场景,建立模型并划分网格,使用Fluent进行模拟计算,得到了不同泄漏口孔径、不同泄漏口形状、不同管内压力等工况下喷射火的火焰长度、火焰中心面温度分布和临近区域内的热流密度,并通过分析不同工况下的火焰形态和热辐射分布,探讨初始条件对事故后果的影响程度。结果表明:此类型喷射火长度可达数十米,火焰最高温度为2 000 K左右,最高温度位置的高度不超过火焰长度的30%;下风向的热流密度较其他方向更强;在50 mm的泄漏口孔径和0.38 MPa的管内压力下,泄漏口为梭子形,较泄漏口为圆形时的热流密度在下风向整体大15.2%。最后,根据模拟结果构建了快速风险评估模型。     

汽车EPS系统的行车工况补偿控制策略

针对汽车在常见转向工况时转向的操纵性和安全性不足问题,提出将常见工况补偿控制策略融合到汽车EPS助力控制中,将汽车速度、汽车质量、方向盘左右晃动考虑在内,设计了高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿控制策略;并理论分析加入高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿策略后,方向盘、齿条位移和汽车横摆角速度增减值的变化;最后,通过搭建汽车EPS系统模型和二自由度汽车模型进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,采用补偿控制策略后,汽车在高速、低速大重量及于凹凸不平的路面行驶时,助力电机目标电流的获取与汽车行驶的内外环境紧密相连,且可随行车条件的改变而适时改变,使汽车EPS系统具有了更好的操纵性和安全性。     

煤自燃预测气体及活化能变化研究

为了研究煤在低温阶段的自燃活化能及气体产生规律,基于耗氧量与煤温间的计算模型,利用煤氧化动力学测试系统,分析了3种不同自燃性煤的低温氧化表征。结果表明:1)随着煤自燃倾向性增强,煤的耗氧量和耗氧速率逐渐增大,且其耗氧速率急剧增大的拐点温度逐渐升高;2)不同自燃性煤活化能变化规律存在显著差异,利用阶段耗氧量拐点计算出铜川和大同煤样温度分别为203℃、228℃时,活化能快速减小,开始进入自发氧化阶段;晋城煤样活化能经历先减小后增大的过程,其中过渡温度段91~135℃时,活化能最小;同时拟合出活化能(E)与指前因子(A)关系式满足动力补偿效应,验证了机理函数的合理性;3)依据复合气体CO_2/CO、CH_4/C_2H_6、C_2H_4/C_2H_6、C_3H_8/C_2H_6随温度的变化趋势,结合煤低温氧化特性,可预测煤样的氧化进程和煤体温度。     

关于含低CODcr、高CL-稀土废水中CODcr的测定方法探讨

本文通过实验研究，提出用低铬法(0．0250mol/L)测定稀土废水中的CODCr，该方法测定结果和高铬法比较误差较小，准确度提高，并给出了低铬法测定稀土废水中CODCr时，HgSO4最佳使用量。     

收尘极板背风面涡流对横向电除尘器粒子收集的影响

比较系统地研究了收尘极板的尺寸对极板背风面涡流区大小的影响以及收尘极板背风面涡流对粒子收集的影响 ,结果表明 :收尘极板背风面涡流对荷电粒子的收集具有很大的影响 ,扩大该区的涡流量将有助于提高横向电除尘器的收尘效率