Application of a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (LP-DOAS) on the measurements of NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in Gwangju, Korea

A differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) technique has been applied to monitor airborne trace pollutants including NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in the ultraviolet (UV) region (290-350 nm) over a 1.5 km beam path (two ways) during an intensive measurement campaign held at Gwangju, Korea (March 2002). Their mean mixing ratios (and standard deviations) were computed as 11.3 (8.8), 1.9 (1.7), 17.1 (19.3), and 0.5 (0.4)ppbv, respectively. As a means to evaluate the performance of the long-path DOAS (LP-DOAS) system with conventional point monitoring systems (PMS), correlation analysis was conducted between the two data sets. These data sets were then inspected to account for the influence of the environmental conditions on the correlation strength between the two systems, especially with respect to light level and wind speed. To facilitate the comparison, correlation analyses were conducted after dividing the data sets for those parameters into several classes. The strength of the correlations between DOAS and meteorological parameters was also examined to evaluate their effects on the DOAS performance. It was found that, among the four pollutant species, O(3) is the most sensitive to changes in meteorological conditions in relation with atmospheric mixing conditions. The overall results of our study indicate that open-path monitoring techniques can be used to effectively diagnose air quality and be substituted for the conventional point monitoring methods with the proper consideration of those parameters affecting the DOAS sensitivity (e.g., light level and wind speed).     

Consumer health risk to pesticide residues in Salvia officinalis L. and its infusions

Salvia officinalis L. is a popular herb widely used in culinary, cosmetic, and medicinal preparations, and also as an ornamental plant. Sage crops are threatened by many diseases, such as gray mold, powdery mildew, and leaf spot, by weeds, and by pests, such as aphids. Use of crop protection products may lead to presence of pesticide residues in this herb. The aim of this work was to study presence of pesticide residues in the herb, S. officinalis L., available on the retail market in Poland, to verify their compliance with the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and to assess the chronic and acute risks associated with consumption of this herb and infusions prepared from contaminated sage plants. Ninety active substances of pesticides were analyzed, including all active substances registered in Poland for protection of the sage. Five active substances were found, one fungicide – boscalid and four insecticides: chlorpyrifos, pp′-DDT, dimethoate (residue levels above MRL) and indoxacarb. The chronic and acute exposure to pesticide residues consumed with sage did not exceed 0.02% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 0.1% of the acute reference dose (ARfD), respectively.     

广东省部分饮用水源地水中总α和总β放射性水平

调查广东省不同地区饮用水源地水中总α、总β放射性水平,分丰水期和枯水期2次各采集20个不同水样,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13—2006),利用BH1227型低本底α、β测量仪测定样品。结果表明,40个水样中总α、总β放射性水平分别为0.017 Bq/L~0.286 Bq/L和0.027 Bq/L~0.397 Bq/L,测量值均在正常本底波动范围之内,放射性指标符合国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)。     

综放工作面高抽巷抽采瓦斯布置层位研究

高抽巷现已被广泛用于治理工作面采动裂隙带及采空区瓦斯,而现场实际实施存在一定经验性,影响了高抽巷的瓦斯治理效果。针对现场高抽巷抽采流量低、工作面瓦斯易超限等问题,为提高高抽巷的瓦斯抽采效果,以余吾煤业为例,通过理论计算、现场考察、数值模拟、抽采效果分析,系统地研究了综放面高抽巷抽采瓦斯的布置层位。研究结果表明:综放面顶板冒落带高度约为18 m,裂隙带高度约为40 m,同时结合现场抽采效果分析,高抽巷宜布置在距煤层顶板40 m,与回风顺槽平距30 m处。研究结论对于综放面高抽巷的合理布置、提高瓦斯抽采效果具有一定的借鉴意义。     

青藏工程走廊水环境安全保护等级区划研究

采用模糊数学综合评判法和突变级数法对青藏工程水环境安全的保护等级进行分区评价与研究,结果表明:青藏工程走廊带沿线水环境分为一级、二级和三级保护区3个区域,其中一级区范围为青藏高速公路拉萨—安多段,二级区范围为青藏高速公路安多—茶错段,三级区范围为青藏高速公路茶错—格尔木段;青藏工程走廊水环境安全保护路段共计408.92 km,安全保护等级高,占路线全长的35.56%。建议拉萨—安多全段,以及安多—茶错段部分路(桥)面通过工程措施和非工程措施相结合的方式实现路(桥)面径流污染控制,有效降低路(桥)面径流对走廊带水环境的影响。     

Thermoeconomic installation limit of PV/WT hybrid energy systems for Off-grid islands

An ideal off-grid island can become 100% energy-sufficient if one installs renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems. However, the intermittent and uncertain nature of the power supply from renewable energy systems hinders a 100% autonomy level (AL) without an infinite energy storage capacity. The thermoeconomic installation limit (TEIL) of a PV/WT hybrid energy system was studied using hourly weather data and the energy demand profile for off-grid islands. An appropriate battery size for the TEIL was also determined. Given the current installation cost of the hybrid energy system and the battery unit, the AL for a PV/WT hybrid energy system at the TEIL is calculated to be approximately 70%. Above the limit, the size of the energy storage unit and, correspondingly, the total annual cost of the PV/WT hybrid energy system increase sharply.     

淮河流域一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度动力特征分析

针对2007年7月8日发生在苏皖淮河流域的暴雨,采用WRF中尺度数值模式模拟结果、FNL每日4次1°*1°再分析资料、6h地面实况观测降水资料和FY-2相当黑体亮温TBB资料对该次降水的发生、发展过程进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)该次降水在有利的大气环流形势下,强降水发生在呈准东西向分布的梅雨锋上。位于蒙古国与我国华北—东北交界处上空的切断低压给淮河流域输入了冷空气。冷空气与西南低空急流带来的暖湿气流交汇,增强了大气斜压性;(2)正的非热成风涡度的发展促进了高层相对于低层的辐散减压,有利于垂直上升运动的发展;(3)低空强急流带所形成的动力、热力和水汽条件对暴雨落区位置产生了重要影响。     

Towards a Tipping Point in Responding to Change: Rising Costs,Fewer Options for Arctic and Global Societies

Climate change incurs costs, but government adaptation budgets are limited. Beyond a certain point, individuals must bear the costs or adapt to new circumstances, creating political-economic tipping points that we explore in three examples. First, many Alaska Native villages are threatened by erosion, but relocation is expensive. To date, critically threatened villages have not yet been relocated, suggesting that we may already have reached a political-economic tipping point. Second, forest fires shape landscape and ecological characteristics in interior Alaska. Climate-driven changes in fire regime require increased fire-fighting resources to maintain current patterns of vegetation and land use, but these resources appear to be less and less available, indicating an approaching tipping point. Third, rapid sea level rise, for example from accelerated melting of the Greenland ice sheet, will create a choice between protection and abandonment for coastal regions throughout the world, a potential global tipping point comparable to those now faced by Arctic communities. The examples illustrate the basic idea that if costs of response increase more quickly than available resources, then society has fewer and fewer options as time passes.     

Correlation Between Economic Development Level and Landscape Pattern in Beijing Peri-urban Areas

With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco-environmental preservation are inadequate. This paper analyzes the landscape pattern of peri-urban areas to address this issue. First, it studies the differentiation of economic development levels in Beijing peri-urban areas. Then, it explores the correlation between economic development level...     

Statistical Methodologies Used to Calculate Urbanization Rates in China

To analyze China’s actual urbanization level, we iden- tified two statistical approaches: using the population living within the administrative boundaries (administrative-based method) and within the urbanized or built-up areas (infrastructure-based method) of cities and towns as urban population. To illustrate the two approaches and the associated problems, we used data for Tangshan City as a case study. The estimates on the administrative-based method were unreliable and the infrastructurebased method pro...