浅谈堆肥设备

随着堆肥技术在不同固体废弃物处理中的广泛应用,与之相关的堆肥设备得到了极大的发展,堆肥设备包括物料处理、翻堆、反应器和除臭设备。家庭堆肥器和小容量反应器堆肥系统是堆肥设备新的发展趋势。     

化工罐区危险化学品倒装作业危害分析及控制

从避免事故和保证安全生产的角度,联系实际对危险化学品倒装过程进行了危害性分析,并根据分析结果对减少事故发生的措施进行了讨论,以降低作业过程的风险.     

手工电弧焊接防触电措施

从电焊机的使用中的常见问题诸如电源的连接、设备的包养、防护的措施等方面告诉人们如何去避免危险的放生。对实际的现场作业的安全防护具有现实的指导意义。     

哈尔滨市燃煤期PM10和PM2.5比对测试研究

哈尔滨市的地域性决定了气候非常具有代表性。以冬季特为明显,气温早晚温差大,气温低。再加上正是采暖期间,空气质量受供暖期等影响较大,空气质量不稳定。2013年冬季选择哈尔滨市燃煤期PM10和PM2.5比对测试研究分析,对市区内3个监测点位进行的颗粒物（PM10和PM2.5）手工采样与自动仪器的比对监测,以手工监测方法为基准,分析自动监测与手工监测的一致性,并对PM10和PM2.5浓度的比值关系进行了分析,结果表明：监测3个点位的PM10和PM2.5的浓度趋势具有很高的一致性,且以手工和自动数据进行线性回归的各项参数均符合技术规范（HJ 653-2013）的要求。     

我国中小城镇污水治理现状

随着近几年中小城市发展进程的加快,城市中日益暴露出各方面的问题与弊端,污水治理问题显得尤为突出和严重。污水排放大量增加对我国中小城市水环境造成了严重的污染和破坏,因此对污水处理技术的选择与考量十分迫切。基于我国国情,我国是发展中国家,财力有限。因此用于基础设施上的资金在大城市和中小城镇之间的分配比重严重失衡,中小城镇污水的处理率相对较低。这就决定了中小城镇在选择污水处理技术时,首先要考虑的因素必须是经济、高效、节能和简便易行。     

可靠性数据资源应用体系建设现状及发展趋势

阐述了可靠性数据的定义和来源,论述了可靠性数据资源的作用。重点介绍了国内外可靠性数据资源网络建设的状况和进展,以及电子元器件可靠性预计手册和非电产品可靠性预计手册的编制情况和进展。在此基础上,分析了可靠性数据资源未来应用的发展方向。     

降水产流同位素径流分割研究进展与展望

降水产流是陆地水循环中大气降水补给地表水的重要环节。氢氧稳定同位素的指纹效应能够有效示踪径流的补给来源、路径和地理区域。同位素径流分割模型已从二元分割逐渐发展到三元乃至多元分割模型,多学科交叉也逐渐丰富了径流分割研究的方法体系。本文对同位素径流分割在降水产流中的应用进展作了总结分析,介绍了环境同位素（²H和¹⁸O）在降水产流研究中的应用现状、存在的不确定性以及处理误差的方法和应用特点。最后对环境同位素在径流分割领域的应用前景进行了论述,提出环境同位素结合GIS、InSAR、ERT等地球物理方法,将进一步深化流域水文要素时空变化的研究。     

Infant handling by female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem: testing functional and evolutionary hypotheses

Assisting the genetic parents in the rearing of young, a widespread phenomenon in many birds and mammals, is usually regarded as an altruistic or mutualistic behavior. Infant handling by females other than the mother is also common in many primates, but due to high within- and between-species variation and limited knowledge about fitness consequences there is no consensus about its evolutionary and functional significance. Analysis of female infant-handling patterns and its reproductive consequences in three groups of semifree-ranging Barbary macaques revealed that nulliparous females significantly more often handled infants than parous females, but infant handling experience did not affect survival of their own first live-born offspring. Females interacted preferentially with closely related infants, but infant handling frequency improved neither infant survival nor maternal fecundity. Reciprocation of infant handling by mothers was rare. Although “aunting to death” occurred in the population, the hypothesis that infant handling serves to reduce the fitness of competitors was not supported. Limited evidence suggests that females at least sometimes use infants as strategic tools in the course of alliance formation. In concert with this poor evidence for a functional basis of the behavior, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that infant handling evolved as a non-adaptive by-product of a strong selection for mother-offspring bonding. (1) Rates of infant handling were highest among females that experienced early infant loss. (2) Females caring for infants or yearlings of their own handled other infants significantly less often than females without dependent offspring. (3) Infant handling by females was most prevalent during the infants’ first month of life. (4) Both “aunting to death” and a successful adoption occurred irrespective of kinship relations. Although the by-product hypothesis appears to be the only one able to explain all results of this study, the apparent rarity of infant handling in non-female-bonded species suggest that kin selection is a possible alternative explanation for the evolution of female infant-handling in primates. Received: 30 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 10 May 1996     

Handgrip and Box Tilting Strategies in Handling: Effect on Stability and Trunk and Knee Efforts

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four handgrip/box tilting strategies (right, left, backward, and no tilt of the box) on trunk and knee efforts, body posture, and the stability of 14 participants with limited experience in handling. The tasks consisted of transferring a low-lying box placed in front of the participant to a shelf of the same height at the participant’s left. It was hypothesized that tilting the box could reduce trunk and knee efforts as well as body asymmetry and improve stability. A tridimensional dynamic rigid body model was used to estimate the triaxial net muscular moment magnitudes at the trunk (L5/SI) and at the knees. An approach to quantify the participants’ dynamic stability was also included. Finally, five angles were computed to characterize body asymmetries. The results showed that tilting the box affected specific trunk efforts, but did not succeed in reducing trunk asymmetric efforts. However, the tilts were executed in a single direction, and it may be possible that combined tilts of the box could help reduce trunk asymmetric efforts. Tilting the box had little effect on knee loadings, and the left tilt strategy reduced participants’ stability. This study showed the importance of considering the position of the box when assessing the risks encountered in asymmetrical handling.     

A Multilevel Approach to Manual Lifting in Manufacturing Industries

Musculoskeletal injuries are often the consequences of wrong postural configurations used during Manual Materials Handling (MMH). This eventually leads to a large payout of worker’s compensation and loss of production time. A simulated study of back injury risks has been carried out on seven selected manufacturing industries to identify and evaluate harmful working postures. For each MMH task, Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System (OWAS) codes have been identified with the help of motion study pictures. Also, Chaffin's biomechanical model was used to calculate L5/S1 load compression values on the spine during MMH activities. The multilevel approach adopted was a combination of OWAS and Chaffin’s biomechanical model. The application of a digitizer enabled us to identify the coordinates and it made a subsequent evaluation of the angles of each body link possible.