环保产业：实现可持续发展的朝阳产业

可持续发展的绿色需求是促进环保产业成为朝阳产业的根本动力,本文在分析国内外绿色需求与绿色市场状况的基础上,提出了甸发展绿色高科技等建议。     

珠江三角洲制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物排放系数研究

采用工艺调查与现场监测相结合的方法,以物料衡算法为依据,通过现场监测结果进行验证,研究了制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)排放系数。结果表明,水性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(5.25±2.67)g/双,油性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(30.11±10.60)g/双,根据不同类型胶水在制鞋行业中所占的权重,可得到反映地方特色的制鞋行业VOCs排放系数。     

化工园区污水特征分析及生物毒性研究

对天津市某化工园区9个主要污染企业及总排放口的废水进行监测分析,测定了12项水质常规指标和8项重金属指标,采用主成分分析法和生物毒性测试对化工区废水的水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,水质指标中大部分常规项目(如COD、氨氮和重金属含量)在多数企业污水中都符合排放标准,总氮、总磷污染较重,其中磷的污染最严重,最高超标23.83倍;影响污水性质的第一主成分为氯化物、电导率、全盐量和Cr,第二主成分为溶解氧、悬浮物、氨氮、总氮、总磷和As;废水具有一定的生物毒性,且不同化工企业之间毒性差异较大。水质化学测定的结果和生物毒性程度有一定相关性,但也存在差异,应该结合两者综合评价水质污染特征。     

中国皮革行业六价铬排放特征分析与监管建议

在分析皮革鞣制工艺现状基础上,根据2000—2013年环境统计数据、2010—2013年国控源监督性监测数据,以及典型制革园区不同类型皮革企业的现场监测数据,分析了中国皮革行业六价铬产生与排放特征,有针对性地提出了皮革行业六价铬的监管建议。     

江苏省水泥制造业经济发展与大气环境变化相关性分析

选取了2001—2014年的相关数据,分析了江苏省水泥制造业的经济发展、资源能源消耗和污染物排放特征,同时对行业经济发展与大气环境污染变化进行了相关性分析。结果表明,2001—2014年,江苏省水泥制造业工业总产值呈现波动增加趋势,工业煤炭消费量呈现波动增加趋势,投入产出比呈现逐年波动上升态势;SO2的排放强度呈现波动下降的趋势,低于全省平均水平;烟粉尘的排放强度波动下降,高于全省平均水平;NOX的排放强度呈现波动上升的趋势,高于全省平均水平;SO2与烟粉尘排放量与GDP均高度呈负相关,回归曲线模拟基本类似U型的左半段,随着GDP的增加,SO2和烟粉尘的排放量呈现下降趋势。     

气相色谱法同时测定制药企业废气中多种挥发性有机物

针对典型制药产品青霉素、阿莫西林、维生素C、对乙酰氨基酚生产过程的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特点,建立了吸附-解吸-气相色谱法同时检测制药企业废气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯和正丁醇等7种特征VOCs的分析方法。采用活性炭采样管采样-二硫化碳解吸-毛细管色谱柱分离,在解吸时间30 min、柱温35℃保持6 min、30℃/min速率升温到200℃保持2 min的色谱分析条件下,各挥发性有机物可以实现良好的分离;7种物质标准曲线相关系数为0.999 8~0.999 9,相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.2%,检出限为0.004 mg/m3~0.014 mg/m3,7种物质的解吸效率为83.1%~105.1%。结果表明,该方法适用于典型制药企业固定污染源排放废气中特征VOCs的测定。     

能源结构变化对兰州市大气质量的影响

将2001—2010年的主要能源材料消耗、主要污染物变化及主要行业分布进行了相关性分析,结果表明:兰州市大气4种主要污染物中除烟尘呈下降趋势外,废气总量、SO2、NOx仍呈上升趋势;主要污染源为燃煤,主要污染行业为电力、蒸汽热水产供业;废气和SO2排放总量与燃煤和燃气呈强正相关,而NOx排放只与燃气呈强正相关。建议发挥兰州地域优势,加大以水电供应为主的能源结构调整,对改善当地空气质量有重要价值。     

闭路循环应用于金属表面处理行业的环境影响分析──生命周期分析的实例

本研究应用生命周期分析（lifecycleanalysis）的方法,对瑞典某金属表面处理工厂采用闭路循环工艺后的环境影响进行了分析。分析证明：闭路循环确可降低重金属对空气和水的污染,但增加了对不可再生能源的消耗,因而在采用该工艺时应特别关注能源问题．以期得到最好的环境效益。     

Fungi Associated with Degradation of Wastes from Rubber Processing Industry

A study of fungi associated with wastes from a rubber processing factory was carried out. Rubber processing wastes, natural rubber waste serum (NRWS) and washing effluents were obtained from Greenpark Rubber Industries Ltd, Umutu, Delta State, Nigeria. The NRWS was collected from seepage from starks of coagulated rubber in the factory and effluents were collected from the four tanks used for washing the coagulated rubber. Three fungal species, Mucor racemous, Mucor sp. and Aspergilus niger, were isolated from the NRWS. From the effluents collected from the four wash tanks, five fungal species were isolated. Mucor recemous, Mucor sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus, sp. and Rhizopus sp. Of all the species isolated, the Mucor species were found capable of utilizing NRWS as a growth substrate. Optimal growth of Mucor in NRWS was achieved at near-neutral pH of 7.1. It was also observed that as biomass of Mucor increased in NRWS, the BOD of NRWS decreased. Pollution strength of the wastes as determined by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total solids were found to be highest with NRWS (440 and 4520) and wash tank (A) (370 and 3520) respectively.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.