共同管沟深基坑现场变形监测与数值模拟分析

为了分析共同管沟深基坑边坡的变形规律及其对邻近建筑物的影响作用,以三星深基坑工程为例,采用数值模拟分析并进行现场变形监测验证。结果表明:降水措施对深基坑开挖引起的水平位移作用不大,而对竖向位移作用较大;随着深基坑开挖深度的不断加大,边坡土体的水平位移和竖向位移总体呈现增大的趋势,最大水平位移值表现为从坡脚向坡脚上方移动;原地下水位线以上所开挖边坡的最大竖向位移都发生在坡脚处,采用降水措施后,原地下水位线以下所开挖边坡的最大竖向位移出现在原地下水位附近。现场变形监测与数值模拟计算结果吻合度较高,说明土体参数的选取合理。研究成果可提升城市共同管沟深基坑建设安全设计及施工水平、降低工程风险损失。     

Assessing Biodiversity

Environmental assessment and monitoring is not limited to measuringquantities of some substances that threaten our existence. Atpresent the greatest challenge is not to gain another decimal pointin assaying a certain noxious chemical. As far as technical aspectsof monitoring are concerned, we witness a steady progress. Ourconceptual development is less tangible. At the same time it ismore urgent. We are directed to assess and monitor novelcharacteristics such as biodiversity and ecosystem health. They areconsidered to be the basis of modern, ecosystem management.Specialists in wildlife, fisheries, soil scientists, agronomists,and foresters are revising the established tenets of theirdisciplines to pursue maximum biodiversity. This could be done onlyif we know what biodiversity and ecosystem health are. This paperassesses the state of our knowledge of these concepts.     

A critique of EPA's index of watershed indicators

Numerous indices have been developed to assess water quality and the impact of programs to improve quality. The Index of Watershed Indicators (IWI) is one such index created by the US Environmental Protection Agency to assess watershed vulnerability and condition in the United States. The credibility and applicability of subjective indices such as IWI depends upon their ability to withstand tests that challenge their internal consistency and interpretation. This paper critiques IWI on the basis of these tests and other considerations, and suggests that explicitly basing the index on multiattribute utility theory and methods could help resolve many of these difficulties.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER UTILITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE OF COMPUTERS1

To provide an overview of water utility information systems and the extent of computer use, a direct mail survey of all water utilities serving populations of 2,000 or more in the tri-state area - Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky - was conducted. The following was determined: 1) utility profile information, e.g., public/private ownership, age, number of accounts, etc.; 2) an assessment of the degree of computerization presently in place to perform various functions; and 3) an assessment of any plans that the utilities may have for future computerization. To analyze the data, an index of computerization was defined as the number of departments or major activity areas of each utility that presently have some computerization. The relationship between the degree of computerization (measured by this index) and a utility's profile in terms of population served, annual revenue generated, and the number of customer accounts is discussed for each state in the survey. Discriminant analysis revealed strong significant differences between utilities that plan to use computers and those that do not. The differences were identified by the authors. Survey results revealed a rather limited use of computers in the tri-state area. Enormous potential exists in small and medium sized utilities for computerization to improve operational efficiency.     

CO2收集封存战略及其对我国远期减缓CO2排放的潜在作用

碳收集封存(CCS)已被广泛地认为是一种潜在的、可供选择的CO₂减排方案,以稳定大气中CO₂浓度、减缓气候变化.本文介绍了CCS的3大环节：碳的捕获、运输与储存,对不同捕获技术及其技术经济参数进行分析评价,介绍了不同碳地质储存的机理、潜力与成本, 以及CCS的应用对全球减缓碳排放的作用.更新中国MARKAL模型,加入各种可能的CCS技术,特别是考虑CCS的煤间接液化以及多联产技术,以同时考虑石油安全与CO₂减排.通过设置不同的情景,应用中国MARKAL模型研究了CCS对我国远期（到2050年）减缓CO₂排放的潜在作用,结果表明,CCS技术的应用不仅可能减少我国的碳排放,降低边际碳减排成本（碳减排率50%时,下降率达45%）,减轻高减排率时对核电的高度依赖,还可能使我国更长时间地清洁利用煤炭资源（在C70情景下,2050年煤在一次能源消费中的比例可从10%增到30%）.我国应重视对CCS技术的研发以及示范项目的建设.     

青岛大气气溶胶中水溶性有机氮对总氮的贡献

有机氮是大气气溶胶中重要的氮组分,其沉降入海后不仅能够促进海洋初级生产力的增长,还可能影响海洋生态系统的群落结构.利用2008年1～12月在青岛采集的64个总悬浮颗粒物样品,分析了其中水溶性有机氮的浓度.气溶胶中有机氮的浓度为30～2 073 nmol·m-3(100～12 157 μmol·g-1),以12月浓度最高...     

老龄海底油气管道弃置决策研究

针对我国老龄海底油气管道在弃置决策上缺少理论依据的问题,建立老龄海底油气管道弃置决策模型的结构流程,基于多属性效用理论,从4个维度进行分析,选取影响老龄海底管道安全寿命的工程因素、结构因素、风险因素和影响决策的成本因素,构建属性树;运用模糊理论建立模糊互补判断矩阵,综合专家意见计算各属性权重,并进行影响因素敏感性分析;确定老龄海底管道弃置决策评分准则,对属性树各因素取值进行量化,引入成本效益率量化成本因素;采用逻辑运算计算综合得分,根据综合得分进行弃置决策。工程实例应用表明:相比于传统决策方法仅凭设计寿命作为弃置依据,老龄海底管道弃置决策模型不仅避免了单一性,还能反应服役环境对管道的影响,有利于提高管道服役过程的经济性和安全性。     

排污收费标准制定理论及技术方法研究

运用微观经济学理论和宏观污染控制规划方法学论研究排污收费标准制定理论和技术方法，取得如下结论；（１）使社会福利达到最大的排污收费标准等于污染物削减的社会平均边际成本；（２）在某些时期内，污染物的社会平均削减成本根据某些污染物特定的削减方式和削减技术来确定。     

黄河三角洲灌区农业配水分析

地处黄河三角洲的东营市共有六大农业灌区,由于黄河经常发生断流,且每年的来水量不断减少,因此,对各个灌区进行合理配水是一个亟待解决的问题。由于统计区域边界与灌区边界不一致,论文应用遥感作为辅助数据对统计数据进行了面插值,获得了各灌区的统计数据,然后应用经济学中边际效益原理,计算了各灌区的农业用水边际效益,从而获得了各灌区的农业用水边际效益曲线,根据边际效益曲线建立了黄河三角洲各灌区的农业配水模型。该模型从经济效益最大化的角度较好地解决了黄河三角洲农业水资源的合理分配。