系统动力学复杂性及其在海洋生态学中的研究进展

海洋生态系统具有开放性、耗散性和非线性等特点,可以借助于系统动力学方法对其研究.系统动力学研究一个不可回避的问题就是系统动力学复杂性.本文在简单介绍几种常见的系统动力学模型及其复杂性问题的基础上,系统阐述了当前系统动力学复杂性在海洋生物多样性的维持、海洋生态系统的物质循环、海洋生物群落结构稳定性、有害藻类的暴发、海洋污染物的扩散、海洋生态毒理动力学、海洋生物资源的开发与管理等方面的应用、研究进展及相关问题.在总结以上研究进展的基础上,本文对系统动力学复杂性在海洋生态学研究中的应用进行了展望.     

上海隧桥工程海域生态系统健康的初步评价

随着上海经济的快速发展,一些大型海洋工程在上海海域纷纷兴建,造成了生境破碎化、生物多样性的破坏等一系列的生态损害。在分析海洋工程可能造成生态损害的同时,以上海长江口隧桥工程为例,选择2007年春季和秋季的2次生态调查数据进行研究。架桥阶段结束后,综合分析了春季与秋季的调查数据,发现各项指标均有偏向于不利的趋势。基于结构功能指标体系评价法,并利用层次分析法研究后得出上海长江口隧桥工程附近海域的综合健康指数分别为2043和2166。根据CHI≤3的情况下判断,该海域的生态健康状况属于不健康接近亚健康状态,表明河口生态系统自然属性发生明显改变,生物多样性及生态系统结构发生了一定程度的变化,主要生态服务功能出现退化或丧失。针对遭遇海洋工程破坏的生境,需要进行更多、更长时间的人工干预,并提出有效的生态保护和修复对策。     

环渤海临海区域经济发展态势与忧患

环渤海地区作为“十一五”期间国家优化开发的区域。经济发展日益呈现加速化、重工业化的总体趋势。探讨环渤海临海区域经济发展态势与忧患具有重要的现实意义。在对环渤海地区经济发展现状和特征分析的基础上．结合生产力布局向沿海地区推进的态势分析。深入剖析了地区经济发展面临的日益严重的渤海资源和生态环境问题——岸线利用缺乏合理性、区域产业结构布局不平衡、海域污染范围持续扩大等,并进一步提出缓解矛盾的对策建议,希望有助于环渤海地区经济的可持续发展,同时引起国家和地方政府对渤海生态安全的高度重视。     

Using ecosystem-services assessments to determine trade-offs in ecosystem-based management of marine mammals

The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders.     

Bridging information domains to improve ecological understanding of biological invasions in a marine ecosystem

We devised a practical method for integrating information on 2 marine invasive species using 3 different approaches: standardized ecological monitoring, online-reporting databases, and surveys of anglers and crabbers. Focusing on 2 recently introduced species with different characteristics, the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) and Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), in the Hudson-Raritan watershed of New York and New Jersey, we used sensitivity analyses to explore the relative contribution of each information source to knowledge of species abundance and distribution. All 3 information sources contributed something unique to understanding abundance and distribution of the introduced crabs. Online and survey data on Asian shore crabs significantly affected predictions of abundance, whereas monitoring data did not. When survey data were omitted, abundance estimates were unchanged over time, but when they were included, the model predicted an increased abundance in 2012. All 3 data sets for the Asian shore crab significantly affected estimates of species coverage; surveys had the biggest influence, increasing range size by 4097.25 km². For the catadromous Chinese mitten crab, ecological monitoring data collected in freshwater shortly after the original sighting significantly shaped model estimates for abundance and documented the establishment phase of the mitten crab in an area outside the spatial scope of the surveyed resource users. However, the survey data significantly enlarged mitten crab range-size estimates by 6498.01 km². By demonstrating that data integration produced an image of the invasion process that would not have emerged had we used any 1 method individually, model results provide evidence for the advantages of an interdisciplinary approach.     

船舶废气排放扩散模拟计算方法研究

基于船舶AIS数据的船舶废气排放评估计算模型,以高斯烟团扩散模型为核心,结合船舶航行和排放特征,构建移动船舶源排放烟团扩散模型。利用控制变量法,在其他变量参数相同条件下,分别设定不同风向、不同大气稳定度、不同高程平面,仿真模拟航行状态下的船舶排放烟团扩散至空间环境中的质量浓度分布情况,分析船舶在不同环境参数下的扩散特征。结果表明,仿真模拟结果与实际气体空间质量浓度分布情况相符。通过在深圳市盐田港区布设船舶废气排放岸基固定嗅探监测设备,对港区进、离港和过往船舶进行大气污染物排放组分(SO2、CO2、NO、NO2)全天在线实时监测,以SO2作为试验样本气体,船舶排放的SO2排放至监测站的模拟质量浓度与实际监测质量浓度标准误差为19.81%,在合理的误差范围内,验证了船舶废气排放扩散模拟计算方法的科学有效性。     

Larvae of Sand Smelts (Atherina hepsetus L.) as a Bioindicator of Pollution in the Black Sea Coastal Waters

The activity of antioxidant enzymes and electrophoretic protein spectra were studied in sand smelt larvae inhabiting from five Sevastopol bays with different degrees of anthropogenic impact. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the heterogeneity of electrophoretic protein spectra proved to increase in the larvae from the most polluted waters. The possibility of using these parameters as biological markers for assessing the influence of pollution on the early stages of fish ontogeny and the marine environment are discussed.     

四川盆地海相三叠系硫同位素组成及其地质意义

系统整理研究了四川盆地海相三叠系硬石膏和卤水的硫同位素组成、演化特点及其地质意义。这对促进四川和全球海相三叠系硫酸盐硫同位素的研究有重要参考价值。     

盐度对海水中~(134)Cs行为的影响

＾１３４Ｃｓ在海水－底质系统中的转移遵循一级反应动力学模式，盐度能抑制底质对＾１３４Ｃｓ的吸附率；海藻能迅速累积海水中的＾１３４Ｃｓ；盐度对海洋生物累积＾１３４Ｃｓ有明显的影响，这种影响可用指数函数来表达。     

对我国海洋环境监测工作的若干建议

本文在回顾和总结我国海洋环境监测多年成就的基础上，分析了海洋环境质量发展的趋势，指出随着沿海经济及海洋资源开发活动的深入发展，近岸海洋环境将面临的前所未有的压力。为此，未来我国海洋环境监测的重点是近岸水域，尤其是各类入海污染源及其邻近海域，监工作必须由近海向近岸及重点海域转移。