Linear alkylbenzenes in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta (China) and their application as anthropogenic molecular markers in coastal environments

The average concentrations of ∑LABs (sum of C₁₀-C₁₃-LABs) in runoff samples collected from the eight major riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China ranged from 1.4 to 6124 ng/L in the dissolved phase and from 0.01 to 11.4 μg/g dry weight in the particulate phase during March 2005-February 2006. The annual riverine flux of ∑LABs from the PRD to the coastal ocean was estimated at approximately 14 tons/yr. The inventories of ∑LABs in agricultural lands of Guangdong Province ranged from 313 to 1825 kg/yr. The early and late rice fields were the major sink of LABs, accounting for approximately 68% of total LABs inventory in agricultural lands. The social-economically estimated annual discharge of LABs from household detergents in the PRD was ∼696 tons/yr, more than an order of magnitude higher than that estimated from field measurements (about 14 tons/yr), which was attributed to several factors.     

赤子爱胜蚓对不同浓度四溴双酚A代谢的急性与亚急性毒性响应

运用核磁共振一维氢谱研究不同浓度四溴双酚A(TBBPA)急性暴露与亚急性暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的代谢影响.通过设置不同剂量TBBPA进行急性暴露和亚急性暴露,运用正交偏最小二乘投影分析法(OPLS)比较急性和亚急性暴露下蚯蚓的代谢差异,研究蚯蚓代谢水平与暴露剂量的关系,以找出差异代谢物作为TBBPA毒性效应的代谢标志物.结果表明,急性暴露和亚急性暴露均能很好地区分不同剂量染毒组间的代谢差异,且TBBPA暴露剂量越大,蚯蚓体内代谢与空白组的差异越大.急性暴露和亚急性暴露后,亮氨酸、赖氨酸和甜菜碱等代谢物剂量随TBBPA剂量增加的变化趋势是一致的,亚急性暴露中的变化幅度大于急性暴露.TBBPA暴露剂量为100 mg·kg~(-1)时,赤子爱胜蚓受到毒害作用,体内代谢物变化显著,代谢平衡遭到破坏,差异代谢物对毒性效应的指示作用比较敏感.甜菜碱、亮氨酸和赖氨酸可作为标志性代谢物揭示TBBPA对赤子爱胜蚓在渗透压调节、能量供给以及免疫功能方面的毒性效应,为进一步探索TBBPA毒性机理提供理论基础.     

城市市政排水管网污染物溯源技术研究进展

城市市政排水管网污染源种类繁多且难以辨析,在未明确污染源前提下进行污染控制通常会因缺乏针对性而导致效果不佳,目前尚缺乏对已有管网污染物溯源技术的系统梳理,难以快速准确根据污染场景确定相应的溯源技术。系统综述了现有城市市政排水管网污染物溯源技术,包括物理排查法、特征因子法和水纹识别法等,阐明了各种典型技术方法的原理及在管网污染物溯源研究中的应用现状,比较了各溯源技术的优劣性及其应用场景,最后对管网溯源技术的未来研究方向进行了展望。针对排水管网内污染源错位问题,可在对管网物理排查的基础上,耦合使用数值模拟法、水纹识别法及特征因子法,确定目标溯源管段、可能排放行业以及具体排水户等,再结合稳定同位素法,厘清污染物的产生、输送及排放特性。本研究旨在为高效识别污染源位置、源强及排放过程提供基础支撑。

     

Prenatal diagnosis of a small supernumerary,XIST-negative,mosaic ring X chromosome identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization in an abnormal male fetus

Marker or ring X [r(X)] chromosomes of varying size are often found in patients with Turner syndrome. Patients with very small r(X) chromosomes that did not include the X-inactivation locus (XIST) have been described with a more severe phenotype. Small r(X) chromosomes are rare in males and there are only five previous reports of such cases. We report the identification of a small supernumerary X chromosome in an abnormal male fetus. Cytogenetic analysis from chorionic villus sampling was performed because of fetal nuchal translucency thickness and it showed mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY,+r(X)/48,XY,+r(X),+r(X). Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) showed the marker to be of X-chromosome origin and not to contain the XIST locus. Additional specific probes showed that the r(X) included a euchromatic region in proximal Xq. At 20 weeks gestation, a second ultrasound examination revealed cerebral abnormalities. After genetic counselling, the pregnancy was terminated. The fetus we describe is the first male with a mosaic XIST-negative r(X) chromosome identified at prenatal diagnosis. The phenotype we observed was probably the result of functional disomy of the genes in the r(X) chromosome, secondary to loss of the XIST locus. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Second-trimester prenatal screening markers for Down syndrome in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Published studies have shown that some serum markers used in screening for Down syndrome tend to be lower among women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). On this basis, many screening programmes adjust the marker levels to take account of this difference. Recent studies suggested that the marker levels were not different, and so adjustment may no longer be needed, possibly because of better diabetic control. Data from a prenatal screening programme for Down syndrome were examined to see whether the median values of second-trimester screening markers were still reduced in pregnant women with IDDM. A total of 366 women with IDDM singleton pregnancies without Down syndrome were identified from the screening programme at Barts from 1989 to 2002. After allowing for maternal weight, the median multiples of the median (MoM) for IDDM-unaffected singleton pregnancies were as follows: 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.84–0.93) for alphafetoprotein (AFP), 0.95 (0.91–0.99) for unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), 0.90 (0.80–1.01) for total human chorionic gonadotrophin (total hCG), 0.98 (0.88–1.08) for free β-hCG, and 0.99 (0.89–1.10) for inhibin-A. The median levels for AFP and uE₃ were statistically significantly lower in pregnant women with IDDM. The other markers were not significantly different in women with and without IDDM. There remains a case for adjusting AFP and uE₃ levels in women with IDDM in prenatal screening programmes for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莆田塔斗山景区旅游市场开发研究

分析了莆田市旅游客源现状与塔斗山景区客源现状,提出了塔斗山景区客源市场的主要影响因素.根据塔斗山景区的资源价值、市场基础、开拓条件和潜力,确定了塔斗山景区的市场定位,并从旅游产品开发设计、宣传促销等方面来开拓塔斗山景区旅游市场.     

类脂分子标志物在海洋有机地球化学中的研究应用

分子标志物是海洋有机地球化学过程研究的一个重要手段，它的开发和应用使得海洋有机地球化学的过程研究成为可能。类脂化合物作为一类最常用的分子标志物，在物质来源、有机质降解、早期 成岩演变、环境污染、古海洋学等诸多方面有着广泛的应用。类脂分子标志物成功地应用在河口、滨海地区和深海海洋中有着物质循环、迁移和埋藏等过程的研究，为海洋有机地球化学过程提供定性或定量的描述。本文简要介绍了类脂分子标志物的特征、开发和利用，并讨论了其优、缺点。     

Sperm competition and evidence of sperm fertilization patterns in the carrion ball-roller beetle Canthon cyanellus cyanellus LeConte (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Field observation and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate sperm competition and patterns of sperm fertilization under different experimental conditions in the carrion ball-roller beetle Canthon cyanellus cyanellus. Males in nature can mate with females whose spermathecae contains fertile sperm from other males. Sperm precedence was investigated using a visible genetic marker. The progeny of red (homozygous recessive) virgin females mated once with a red male and afterward, once with a green beetle (homozygous dominant) and vice versa, revealed that regardless of its color, the last male to mate fertilized c.a. 50% of the eggs, suggesting strong sperm competition. Males were able to achieve higher levels of paternity (more than 80%) when mated ad libitum with previously mated females, although large amount of variance in paternity does not exclude the possibility of first male sperm precedence or female cryptic choice. These results suggest that repeated mating and sperm replacement are the mechanisms by which last males achieve sperm precedence.     

No evidence for female mate choice based on genetic similarity in the túngara frog Physalaemus pustulosus

In most sexually reproducing animals, the behavior of one or both sexes during courtship critically influences the success at mating of the opposite sex. This behavior is often interpreted as “mate choice,” and there is great interest in why such choices are exercised. The explanation for the evolution of mate choice that has received the most attention and generated the most controversy is based on assumed genetic effects. In this study, we investigated whether female túngara frogs, which choose mates based on acoustic cues, have a preference for genetically less related males. Specifically, we determine if there is disassortive mating based on microsatellite markers, if there is information in the advertisement call that could be used to assess genetic similarity, and if females exhibit acoustic-based mating preferences that would promote choice for genetic diversity. Using seven microsatellite markers, we found no correlation of male call similarity and male genetic relatedness. Female choice experiments showed no female preference for calls of less related males, and there was no evidence for inbreeding avoidance in the field. Our results do not support the hypothesis of mate choice based on information about genetic relatedness conveyed by acoustic signals in túngara frogs.