高温高含二氧化碳条件下五种含Cr钢适用性评价

目的 预测某高温高含二氧化碳油井中管柱的腐蚀情况,为该油井推荐安全经济的材质。方法 采用高温高压反应釜模拟现场工况进行腐蚀试验,通过失重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱分析(EDS)对五种含Cr钢的适用性进行评价。结果 在40~160 ℃温度范围内,五种钢材随温度的升高,其均匀腐蚀速率先升高后降低,且均在80 ℃时达到最大值。3Cr钢的腐蚀速率最高,在整个温度范围内,均远高于0.076 mm/a。在温度为120 ℃时,9Cr钢开始出现局部腐蚀。在温度为160 ℃时,13Cr钢有一定的局部腐蚀倾向。S13Cr、22Cr钢在整个温度范围内的腐蚀速率都较低,试验后试样表面平整连续,耐蚀性能好。结论 建议在采出井井筒中上部40~80 ℃较低温度井段选用9Cr钢,中部80~120 ℃中高温井段选用13Cr钢,底部120~160 ℃高温井段选用S13Cr钢。     

成都平原氮磷化肥施用强度空间分布及影响因素分析

掌握化肥施用强度的空间分布及影响因素,对施肥的精准管理和污染防控意义重大.以往研究多限于人为因素的探讨而缺乏自然地理因素对化肥施用强度空间分布的影响分析.基于成都平原23492个点位的化肥调研数据,结合地统计学方法和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,探究该区域2010~2015年均氮和磷化肥施用强度的空间分布特征及影响因素.结果表明：①研究区2010~2015年均氮和磷化肥施用强度总体处于120~360 kg·hm^-2和60~180 kg·hm^-2的中低风险强度.高风险强度主要分布在郫都、彭州、什邡、龙泉驿和金堂等粮（果）蔬种植区,相对低值区多分布在南部和东北部;②氮和磷化肥施用强度的块金系数为66.17%和41.60%,其空间分布受结构性和随机性因素共同作用决定,呈中等空间自相关性;③人为和自然因素均对氮和磷化肥施用强度的空间分布影响显著.种植作物类型（细分类）能独立解释12.90%和25.10%的施氮和施磷空间变异,是影响氮和磷施用强度空间分布的主控因子;成土母质的重要性仅次于种植作物类型,且对于施磷强度独立解释能力约是施氮强度的3.6倍.在种植作物类型起主要决定作用时,成土母质仍深刻制约和影响研究区氮和磷化肥施用强度的空间分布.因此,进行化肥施用管理和环境风险分析时需重点考虑种植作物类型和成土母质的综合作用,在磷肥施用方面更应关注成土母质的影响.     

过硫酸盐缓释材料释放过程模型构建

为预测评估过硫酸盐缓释材料的释放性能,对释放过程模型的构建以及模型的验证进行了研究。借助微积分思想,从材料体的概化分割、初始条件设定、每个小单元的状态标定、各个小单元中过硫酸钾的迁移变化量以及材料最外层释放过硫酸盐的量5个方面构建过硫酸盐缓释材料释放模型,利用Excel-VBA编程实现其释放过程模拟。采用欧盟标准NEN7375测试过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能并获得模型参数。通过输入相关模型参数得到过硫酸盐动态迁移过程及其释放特征曲线,并利用实测数据与模拟数据进行拟合校验。结果表明,模型模拟值与实测值拟合较好,平均误差为1.88%,表明该模型设计合理,能够准确模拟过硫酸盐缓释材料释放过程,可作为缓释材料优化设计工具。     

SMT法插标分析沉积物中磷的地球化学形态

SMT法是一种较为通用的沉积物磷地球化学形态分析方法,但分析结果的准确性和重现性成为制约其进一步应用的关键.本研究以我国沉积物标准样品GSD-12为标样,在详细研究该标样的SMT法提取的磷的各个地球化学形态含量的基础上,提出了插标法控制沉积物中磷地球化学形态的准确性和可比性.在对比了手工分析,Skalar仪器分析及ICP-MS仪器分析的结果之后,针对SMT法操作中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了操作过程中的注意事项,提出了GSD-12中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、盐酸提取磷(HCl-P)和氢氧化钠提取磷(NaOH-P)等含量分别为(156±5),(77±2),(39±3),(41±2),(42±2)mg/kg,并将该标样用于太湖沉积物中磷形态测定的质量控制,取得了较为满意的结果.     

新型MIL-100(Fe)基MOFs材料的制备及其对Sr2+的吸附

采用水热法和溶剂热法制备了金属有机骨架材料——MIL-100(Fe)和MIL-100(Fe)-DMA.利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、XPS和N₂吸附/脱附对材料结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验,探究了初始Sr²⁺浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH值和不同共存阳离子对材料吸附性能的影响,研究了两种材料对Sr²⁺吸附过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型.表征结果表明:两种材料基本骨架一致,吸附Sr²⁺对材料骨架影响均可忽略;虽然MIL-100(Fe)-DMA比表面积小于MIL-100(Fe),但由于晶粒尺寸小,堆积形成的介孔结构更有利于Sr²⁺的扩散.吸附实验结果表明:随着反应时间和初始Sr²⁺浓度的增加,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量先迅速增大再逐渐达到平衡;随着pH值的增大,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量增大,且碱性条件下吸附效果好;两种材料吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;采用三价铁盐作为铁源以及DMA作为有机溶剂可提高MIL-100(Fe)材料对Sr²⁺的吸附效果.     

Energy efficacy used to score organic refuse pretreatment processes for hydrogen anaerobic production

The production of hydrogen through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been investigated to verify the efficacy of several pretreatment processes. Three types of waste with different carbon structures have been tested to obtain an extensive representation of the behavior of the materials present in Organic Waste (OW). The following types of waste were selected: Sweet Product Residue (SPR), i.e., confectionary residue removed from the market after the expiration date, Organic Waste Market (OWM) refuse from a local fruit and vegetable market, and Coffee Seed Skin (CSS) waste from a coffee production plant. Several pretreatment processes have been applied, including physical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic processes and a combination of these processes. Two methods have been used for the SPR to remove the packaging, manual (SPR) and mechanical (SPRex). A pilot plant that is able to extrude the refuse to 200 atm was utilized. Two parameters have been used to score the different pretreatment processes: efficiency (ξ), which takes into account the amount of energy produced in the form of hydrogen compared with the available energy embedded in the refuse, and efficacy (η), which compares the efficiency obtained using the pretreated refuse with that obtained using the untreated refuse. The best result obtained for the SPR was the basic pretreatment, with η = 6.4, whereas the thermal basic pretreatment gave the highest value, η = 17.0 for SPRex. The best result for the OWM was obtained through a combination of basic/thermal pretreatments with η = 9.9; lastly, the CSS residue with ultrasonic pretreatment produced the highest quantity of hydrogen, η = 5.2.     

一种导电混凝土的制备及其电阻率测量

本文综述了导电混凝土的发展以及应用情况,提出了用导电混凝土作为接地材料的设想,并选择氧化铁粉作为骨料,添加适量碳粉配制了一种导电混凝土来验证。通过改变不同的配比制作导电混凝土模型,用四电极法测量其电阻率,得出碳粉比例对其电阻率的影响。     

A transportation network assessment tool for hazardous material cargo routing: Weighing exposure health risks,proximity to vulnerable areas,delay costs and trucking expenses

The inherent risks associated with accidental releases of hazardous materials during transport have drawn attention and concerns in the recent decades. The aim of this study is to propose a tool for evaluation and comparison of the transportation networks which can be used to assess the routing options between origins and destinations of the cargos for their suitability for transporting hazardous material cargos by tanker trucks and to identify routes which provide lower accidental release risks, lower public exposure risks, and offer economical benefits. Each route segment of transportation networks were evaluated using specific criteria which included health risk and cost of delay in case of an accidental release of materials, trucking cost and proximity to vulnerable areas. Since, the health impact of hazardous materials differ depending on the characteristics of the material being transported as well as release quantities and atmospheric conditions; this paper aimed in providing a tool that can be used to estimate the impact radius (for health risks) after accidental release of hazardous materials by taking into account different atmospheric conditions based on the meteorological data and solar elevation angle. The Gaussian air dispersion model paired with ArcGIS using Python programming were employed to estimate the health risk impact zones by considering the meteorological data, and accordingly to analyze road segments for cost impacts (delay and trucking costs), and the proximity to vulnerable areas. The route assessment tool was demonstrated with a case study. The results of this study can efficiently aid decision makers for transportation of hazardous materials.     

75t/h燃煤锅炉汞迁移转化规律研究

通过对2台75 t/h循环流化床锅炉烟气中汞排放浓度、燃煤和其他固体副产物中的汞含量进行测试,分析了燃煤大气汞的排放因子,并建立了燃煤汞的质量平衡。结果表明:燃煤锅炉中,大部分汞主要存在于烟气和脱硫副产物中,燃烧后进入炉渣、飞灰中的汞含量较少,低于5%。燃煤汞排放去向与脱硫除尘控制技术有关,不同控制技术协同除汞的效果差异较大,而单质汞是燃煤锅炉汞污染防治的重点和难点。