振动与冲击试验中单自由度线性系统损坏可能性的比较

比较了单自由度线性机械系统在稳态振动，随机振，运输试验以及冲击试验中响应的大小。     

Processing and mechanical properties of biodegradable Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-starch compositions

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) is a completely biodegradable thermoplastic polyester produced by microbial fermentation. The current market price of PHBV is significantly higher than that of commodity plastics such as polyethylene and polystyrene. It is therefore desirable to develop low-cost PHBV based materials to improve market opportunities for PHBV. We have produced low-cost environmentally compatible materials by blending PHBV with granular starch and environmentally benign CaCO₃. Such materials can be used for specific applications where product biodegradability is a key factor and where certain mechanical properties can be compromised at the expense of lower cost. The inclusion of granular starch (25 wt%) and CaCO₃ (10 wt%) in a PHBV matrix (8% HV, 5% plasticizer) reduces the cost by approximately 40% and has a tensile strength of 16 MPa and flexural modulus of 2.0 Gpa, while the unfilled PHBV/plasticizer matrix has a tensile strength of 27 MPa and a flexural modulus of 1.6 GPa.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Aging properties of extruded high-amylose starch

The structural and mechanical properties of extruded high-amylose and normal cornstarch were studied as a function of time and humidity to determine the suitability of high-amylose cornstarch for use in biodegradable plastic materials. After extrusion at 170°C and 20–30% moisture, high-amylose starch was mostly amorphous, with small amounts of V- and A-type crystal structures. Tensile strengths for the extruded high-amylose starch ribbons were rather stable with time (65, 50, and 35 MPa at 20, 50, and 80% RH) and were higher than those for normal cornstarch (25, 40, and 15 MPa after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Elongations at break declined gradually with time for high-amylose starch (6, 11, and 11% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH), while rapid declines were seen for normal cornstarch at higher humidities (3, 9, and 3% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that normal cornstarch aged at a high humidity had much larger sub-T _g endotherms than high-amylose cornstarch. These endotherms reflect decreases in enthalpy and free volume which occur in amorphous polymers due to structural relaxation. It appears, therefore, that plastic materials prepared from gelatinized or melted high-amylose cornstarch should have greater strength and flexibility and slower physical aging than those prepared from gelatinized normal cornstarch.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.Product names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

基于有限元的局部突变位移载荷下埋地管道力学分析

冻土融沉、盐渍土溶陷等地质灾害会导致局部土壤产生一定位移,对埋地长输管道安全性构成威胁。为保障埋地管道的安全运行,建立了局部突变型位移载荷作用下埋地管道力学分析模型,采用非线性土弹簧描述管土相互作用,分析了局部突变区域长度及突变位移量对埋地管道受力的影响。研究结果表明:因局部突变区长度与突变位移量的不同,管道存在3种受力状态,当局部突变区域长度大于临界突变区长度时,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不产生耦合,此时在突变区域两端可等效为2个垂直正断层,即为第一种受力状态;当突变区域长度小于临界突变区长度时,随着突变位移的增加,管道应变随之增加,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不断叠加,即为第二种受力状态;在第二种受力状态基础上,当突变位移大于临界突变位移时,管道应变不再发生变化,管道等效为受到垂向均布荷载的作用,即为第三种受力状态。研究结果可为工程中管道穿越地质灾害区域的设计提供参考。     

考虑非均匀地基原水管道受力特征模型试验研究

为了解决上海市长江引水三期非均匀地基区间管道爆管问题,采用缩尺试验研究非均匀地基条件下原水管道受力变形特征,针对非均匀地基的密实度和长度进行逐级划分,并设计不同的试验工况研究管道的受力特征。结果表明:管道下方非均匀地基的密实度对管道所受应力有较大影响,即密实度越高,应力值越低,管底处的应力受密实度和非均匀地基长度的影响最大。非均匀地基区域边缘处截面应力与管道中央截面应力相比,非均匀地基长度为1D时,截面Ⅰ上测点的应力值与截面Ⅱ的应力值大小相近,而在1.5D和2D长度条件下,呈现出截面Ⅰ的应力值高于截面Ⅱ的规律。研究成果对非均匀地基区域的原水管道运营维护具有重要的指导作用。     

电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）验证的研究

为确保电梯制动器检测开关能够准确检测电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）的异常,消除异常造成的危险情况,结合电梯制动器的型式和检测开关的动作原理,对各种检测开关接线方式进行分析,针对制动器的型式提出了合理的制动器检测开关接线方式。研究结果表明:直压式制动器可用1个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,但应在电梯的主板上设置2个检测点;杠杆式鼓式制动器应用具备2个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,且应采用常开并联或常闭串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的释放,采用常闭并联和常开串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的提起。     

滇东黔西松软煤岩三轴压缩力学特性及能量演化特征

为促进滇东黔西地区煤炭资源安全高效开发,开展了不同围压下的三轴压缩试验,研究了该地区松软煤岩的压缩力学特性及能量演化特征。研究结果表明:裂隙增大了松软煤岩差应力-应变曲线峰后下降的速率,差应力-体积应变曲线从峰前屈服阶段开始左拐,表现出扩容现象,达到峰值强度后扩容现象愈加明显;围压增强了煤岩承压能力,对煤岩压缩变形过程中径向变形的抑制作用明显;围压条件下,松软煤岩的抗压强度、破坏模式及破坏角均符合Coulomb强度准则;围压几乎不影响弹性能的增长速率,但提高了煤样储存弹性能的能力,受割理等裂隙影响,耗散能与围压无明确相关关系。     

热蠕变性对除尘滤袋PTFE缝线强力的影响

缝线是影响除尘滤袋寿命及可靠性的重要因素之一,缝线在长期热烟气作用下失效的案例愈来愈引起业界的关注。通过热态拉伸试验研究了热蠕变性对袋式除尘器滤袋用PTFE缝线强力的影响。在持续高温下对PTFE缝线进行拉伸试验,结果表明:PTFE缝线的拉伸断裂强力随温度升高而大幅下降,试验温度在250℃以上时,其拉伸最大载荷仅1~3 N(线密度1 200~1 250 den);PTFE缝线的拉伸断裂伸长率随温度升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在120℃左右达到最大值;高温环境对PTFE缝线的使用寿命有较大影响,缝线能在软化后受到外力作用而断裂失效,在实际工业生产中应给予关注。     

粉煤灰砌块的物理力学性能试验研究

粉煤灰是火力发电厂在生产中所排出的废弃物,粉煤灰的露天堆放一方面形成新的固体污染源,同时还要侵占大量的空地。因此,如何综合利用粉煤灰、研制开发新型建筑材料、保护自然环境、降低污染、实现经济的可持续性发展已成为当务之急。用粉煤灰砌块代替黏土砖不仅可以解决处理大量废弃物的困难,又可以取得廉价的墙体材料。试验证明,粉煤灰砌块的物理力学性能较混凝土砌块有明显改善,能达到墙体材料的要求。由于粉煤灰空心砌块的迅速发展,对它的物理力学性能研究逐渐被人们重视,是目前能够替代黏土砖的新型墙体材料。     

电子废弃物资源化现状及处理技术

描述了电子废弃物的产生现状，分析了电子废弃物的特点，并简要地介绍了对其资源化处理的各种方法及设备。