Limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures related to the practical operational case

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen, in the presence of added helium, at elevated temperature and pressure related to the practical operational case. A 5 L explosion vessel, an ignition sub-system and a transient pressure measurement sub-system were used. Through a series of experiments carried out using this system, the limiting concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at different initial pressures and temperatures for the practical operational case were studied, and the influence of ignition energy and initial temperature on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium was analyzed and discussed. The variation of ignition energy within the studied range is found to have a significant effect on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at lower initial temperature. However, when the ignition energy is higher than 32 mJ, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless as the initial temperature increases from 21 °C to 90 °C. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixture decreases as the ignition energy increases when the initial temperature is lower. When the initial temperature is higher, the ignition energy has little effect on the limiting hydrogen concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures. When the initial temperature reaches 90 °C, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless with an increase in ignition energy. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen in the mixtures, at the initial temperature of 21 °C and the ignition energy of 0.5 mJ, is 8.5% and that of oxygen is 11.25%.     

Fate and transport of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in soil–water systems

The feed additive ractopamine hydrochloride was fortified at four concentrations into batch vials containing soils that differed in both biological activity and organic matter(OM).Sampling of the liquid layer for 14 days demonstrated that ractopamine rapidly dissipated from the liquid layer. Less than 20% of the fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4 hr,and recoveries of dosed ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336 hr. Sorption to soil was the major fate for ractopamine in soil:water systems, i.e., 42%–51% of the dose at14 days. The major portion of the sorbed fraction was comprised of non-extractables; a smaller fraction of the sorbed dose was extracted into water and acetone, portions which would be potentially mobile in the environment. Partitioning coefficients for all soils suggested strong sorption of ractopamine to soil which is governed by hydrophobic interactions and cation exchange complexes within the soil OM. Ractopamine degradation was observed, but to mostly non-polar compounds which had a higher potential than ractopamine to sorb to soil. The formation of volatiles was also suggested. Therefore, despite rapid and extensive soil sorption,these studies indicated a portion of ractopamine, present in manures used to fertilize soils,may be mobile in the environment via water-borne events.     

高蛋白有机废弃物厌氧消化系统稳定性及其耐氨氮机制解析

病死及自然灾害产生的大量畜禽尸体的不恰当处理处置会带来较为严重的环境卫生和公众安全隐患.本研究利用厌氧消化技术对畜禽尸体这类高蛋白有机废弃物的无害化处理进行尝试,旨在探索其适宜的有机负荷条件、系统的稳定性及潜在的氨抑制风险.研究表明高蛋白有机废物(以猪肉作为实验样品)作为厌氧消化基质时,系统稳定运行的有机负荷能够达倒(4.76±0.41)kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1);同时,VS降解率、单位体积沼气产率、单位添加VS沼气产率、单位降解VS沼气产率以及甲烷含量分别能达到95%、(3.72±0.21)L·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、(0.78±0.02)m~3·kg~(-1)、(0.82±0.02)m~3·kg~(-1)以及65%.在该条件下,TAN和FAN的浓度与系统产气性能没有直接线性关系,且在浓度高达5700 mg·L~(-1)和700 mg·L~(-1)时未呈现对系统的明显抑制作用.454高通量焦磷酸测序法对系统内古菌种群相对密度的分析结果表明,系统中氨抑制问题得到一定程度的缓解或者消除的原因可能为甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的优势地位并未受到明显影响,以及整个产甲烷菌种群在系统运行过程所得到的明显驯化.     

低磷浓度下鸟粪石结晶成粒及反应器流态模拟

为扩大鸟粪石(MAP)结晶成粒技术的应用范围,对低磷浓度下MAP成粒最优条件进行了研究.试验得出该技术应用的磷浓度应大于50mg/L,并在此基础上研究得到低磷浓度条件下MAP结晶成粒的最佳条件:pH 9.0,磷氮物质的量比1:8.此时生成的MAP平均粒径为0.56mm,总体积生长率为4.95cm³/h,纯度可达99.9%.为进一步优化流化床反应器中MAP成粒条件,利用CFD商用软件(Fluent 6.3)对反应器流态进行了模拟.结果表明:MAP流化床反应器的生长区能够形成明显的自下而上的水力分级,截面流速也较为均匀,有利于颗粒的生成,但沉淀区和进水区存在死区、涡流等不利条件.因此,有必要改进生长区和沉淀区的连接方式以及进水管的分布,以获得更为优质的MAP颗粒.     

上游阻挡建筑间距对街谷内空气环境的影响

城市中的大部分街谷都存在上游阻挡建筑.为考察阻挡建筑对街谷内空气环境的影响,通过数值计算方法研究分析了上游阻挡建筑对街谷内空气品质的影响作用,结果表明,在常规建筑间距范围内,街谷湍流强度、平均风速和风速波动范围均随着上游阻挡建筑间距增大而减小,这将导致当上游阻挡建筑与街谷建筑间距从15m增加到60m时,街谷空间污染物平均浓度增大36%,近地空间增大41%.因此,实际设计中街谷上游阻挡建筑与临街建筑间的距离不应过大.     

山西省阳泉市大气环境质量数值模拟

根据山西省阳泉市南煤集团西上庄煤电一体化项目的总体要求,拟用中尺度气象模式MM5耦合大气污染模式CALPUFF,对评价区域2005年4月的大气环境进行数值模拟。通过综合模式系统的模拟发现:该地污染源的排放对阳泉空气质量起决定作用;对SO2的平均浓度贡献为47.05μg/m3,对PM10的平均浓度贡献为20.37μg/m3。本地点源的排放对SO2的影响相对较大;对SO2平均浓度的贡献可达36.93μg/m3。该地面源排放对PM10的影响相对较大,对PM10平均浓度的贡献为14.63μg/m3。外地点源排放对阳泉大气环境的影响较小,但在某些过程中外地点源排放的污染物通过区域输送对阳泉的空气质量也会造成一定的影响。     

2014年北京市PM2.5质量浓度分析及比对研究

本研究选择污染严重的北京作为研究区域,自2013年12月起至2014年12月,通过设在北五环中国环境科学研究院(CRAES)内的定点监测,获得375天有效平行样品(T和Q)。统计结果表明,2014年北京市PM_(2.5)质量浓度从优良水平的6.9μg/m~3到极重污染的422.1μg/m~3,年均浓度值在100μg/m~3左右。T组和Q组线性相关,但T/Q并非定值,冬季最高,R~2=0.974,对应T/Q=1.014,可能由于冬季污染程度较重,滤膜性能差异可忽略。除春季外,其它三季的PM_(2.5)都是T组>Q组,与石英膜的纤维结构不够致密有关。以T组质量浓度数据为准,与国控监测点奥体中心点公报的日均PM_(2.5)进行比对,结果显示二者基本同步,在春冬季呈现较高的污染浓度,在夏季最低。在严重污染时(PM_(2.5)>250.0μg/m~3),在线监测可能低估PM_(2.5)而T组能更客观地记录实际污染状况。统计2014年全年污染等级分布,4~8月份基本未出现重度污染,而在冬季采暖期10~12月份,优良天数不足50%。综合分析风速、相对湿度对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的影响,证实冬季取暖燃煤和无风、高湿、逆温的静稳天气是霾频发的主要原因。     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

含油污泥油含量测定方法

根据“相似易溶”原理,采用重量法和索氏抽提-紫外吸收光度法对含油污泥的油含量测定进行了研究,利用差重和含有芳香族化合物的石油及其产品在紫外区的吸收波长特性,采用了毒性较小的正己烷、石油醚或混合庚烷等作为萃取荆。根据试验结果可知,重量法具有药荆使用量少、标准偏差小（1.48％）,结果准确等特点;紫外吸收光度法具有操作简便、数据重现性好等优点,适于芳烃含量较高的含油泥油含量的测定。     

北部湾海域江豚体内重金属含量及分布

应用原子吸收分光光度计对北部湾海域江豚的肌肉、脂肪、肝脏、胰脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃和肠管道等器官组织样品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、 Fe、Mn、Hg和As的含量进行测定,并使用标准物作了对照分析.结果显示,江豚体内各器官组织中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn、Hg和As的平均含量分别为(0.05～37.9)×10-6、(6.20～101.9 )×10-6、(24.38～181.5) ×10-6、(ND～1.85) ×10-6、(10.60～13.35)×10-6、(1.68～3.15)×10-6、(111.45～1413.8)×10-6、(0.35～12.43)×10-6、(0.21～34.36)×10-6和(0.28～3.81)×10-6(干重).江豚体内重金属含量高低的基本趋势是Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Mn> Hg>As>Pb.肝、肾脏等内脏器官中的重金属含量普遍高于肌肉及脂肪组织中的含量;胃组织中没有测出Pb的存在.与渤海和黄海江豚比较,北海湾海域江豚体内各种重金属的含量介于渤海和黄海江豚之间,说明该地区海域已受到重金属污染.