浙江省生态功能区划研究

在浙江省生态环境现状调查的基础上,运用GIS等先进技术,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对浙江省生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态服务功能重要性进行评价,形成浙江省生态功能区划方案,将浙江省划分为6个生态区、15个生态亚区、47个生态功能区,并确定了具有重要生态系统服务功能的5个重要生态功能区域.区划成果为浙江生态省建设规划的实施、资源的合理利用和工农业生产合理布局提供了科学依据.     

Study on HCl removal for medical waste pyrolysis and combustion using a TG-FTIR analyzer

Under both pyrolysis and combustion condition, HCl removal efficiency for medical waste with Ca-based additives was semi-quantitatively studied by means of TG-FTIR. Additionally, the difference of HCl removal efficiency for PVC and medical waste was compared. Experimental results showed that: 1) Thermal degradation of medical waste mainly took place in two steps under both pyrolysis and combustion condition; 2) HCl emitted at both two steps and HCl concentration increased with the increased of Cl ratio in the medical waste; 3) for the same additive, HCl concentration decreased with the increased of additives amount, that is to say, HCl removal efficiency of medical waste increased as the increased of Ca/Cl molar ratio. Fourth, when Ca(OH)₂ was used as additive, HCl removal efficiency for medical waste combustion was a little higher than that for medical waste pyrolysis, but either CaCO₃ or CaO was used as additive, it was just opposite, more specifically, when CaCO₃ was used as additive with Ca/Cl=1.3, HCl removal efficiency was 5.49% under pyrolysis condition, but that was only 4.24% under combustion condition. Fifth, under the same Ca/Cl molar ratio, HCl removal efficiency for PVC was higher than that for medical waste under both pyrolysis and combustion condition, more specifically, when Ca(OH)₂ was used as additive with Ca/Cl=1, HCl removal efficiency was 64.51% for PVC, but that was only 27.66% for medical waste pyrolysis with 4% Cl under pyrolysis condition.     

DBO模式在医疗废物集中处置设施中的应用探讨

我国医疗废物集中处置行业呈现多种投资来源和多种运营模式并存的格局,医疗废物集中处置设施建设和运营主要采用以BOT为主的特许经营模式,部分设施由于模式选择不当,导致产权边界不清、稳定运行困难等问题,一定程度限制了行业的可持续发展。近年来开始应用于我国污水处理设施的DBO模式具有责任主体一致、建设运营效率较高等特点,在环境污染治理领域的应用前景较为广阔。本文通过对DBO模式和BOT模式的所有权归属、责任主体、实施期限等方面进行对比,分析得出DBO模式较BOT模式在设施的运营阶段具有突出优势,应用于医疗废物集中处置设施可以更有效地保证运营效率、节约财政支出、强化政府监管。同时,预期在医疗废物集中处置项目中推行DBO模式可能存在的阻碍,包括政府积极性不高、招商面临一定难度、实施过程的不确定因素较多等,并有针对性提出了在中小城市开展试点、发放环境基础设施建设债券、邻近区域多个项目捆绑招商等建议,以促进DBO模式在医疗废物集中处置设施中的应用。     

基于突变级数法的吉林省生态补偿标准核算

为客观准确地确定各类土地的生态补偿标准,结合已有研究成果,采用突变级数法对生态系统的服务功能价值进行分析与评价,在此基础上提出基于突变理论的各类土地生态系统服务功能价值转换因子、均衡因子和生态补偿标准动态核算模型.应用该模型计算吉林省生态补偿标准,得出2012年吉林省耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域和未利用地的生态补偿标准分别为1.534 9、2.018 5、1.682 1、2.094 9、1.826 8和0.823 6万元·hm-2,该生态补偿标准符合吉林省经济和社会发展的客观实际情况.基于生态系统服务功能理论和突变理论的生态补偿标准动态核算模型便于应用,具有较高可靠性和普遍适用性.     

江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地自然保护区生态服务功能价值评估

在野外实际调查基础上,运用市场价值、影子工程、旅行费用等方法对江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地自然保护区生态服务功能进行价值评估.结果显示,该保护区生态服务功能年均总价值约为13.97亿元,占泗洪县2005年国民生产总值的20.82%.重要物种栖息地、水分调节以及大气调节生态服务功能价值分别占总价值的27.49%、25.27%、19.33%,是该保护区的主要核心服务功能.泗洪湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为28 299元·hm-2·a-1,分别为全球和中国湿地平均单位价值的4.09倍、4.85倍.在发展当地经济过程中,必须从该保护区湿地生态系统的基本特征出发,科学合理地保护、开发湿地资源.     

基于无线传感器网络的市政下水道可燃气体监测系统设计及应用

为防止下水道可燃气体积聚引发爆炸事故,利用无线传感器网络技术设计了市政下水道可燃气体监测系统.实测结果表明:气体传感器监测数据相对误差在2.0%以内,无线数据收发设备的年发送成功率达到98.0%,满足工程运用需求,系统具有较高的可靠性和稳定性.结合无线网络覆盖范围广、实时在线的特点,该系统实现了对不同区域下水道内可燃气体浓度的远程监测,为下水道的安全预警提供了有效依据.     

基于生态服务价值的全国土地利用变化环境影响评价

针对中国的实际情况,对不同土地利用类型单位面积生态服务价值进行了校正,并以此为基础,计算了自上一轮土地利用规划实施以来(1996～2004年)我国不同省市土地利用变化引起的生态服务功能的变化.结果表明,该时期内全国土地利用变化导致生态服务功能整体增加了0.91%.其中正向变化最大的省份是天津市,其生态服务功能增加了5.69%;负向变化最大的省份是上海市,其生态服务功能下降了9.79%.对不同生态服务类型的变化分析表明,生态服务中气候调节功能增加最快,1996～2004年间全国增加了3.43%;生物资源控制功能下降最快,期间下降了2.26%.研究还认为,引起我国土地生态服务价值变化的主要原因是该时期内全国水域面积和林地面积的增加导致了生态系统服务功能的增加,而城市建设用地和交通用地的增加导致了全国生态服务功能的下降.     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

乐清湾湿地生态服务功能及价值测算

湿地是具有多功能的独特的生态系统,对其生态服务功能进行评价,可为管理和保护湿地提供科学的依据。以乐清湾湿地为研究对象,采用市场价值法、替代费用法、碳税法与工业制氧影子法、机会成本法、权变估算法及专家评估法对该湿地生态服务功能进行了价值测算。经计算,乐清湾湿地生态服务功能总价值为67.63亿元/年。其中直接使用价值为47.75亿元/年,间接使用价值为19.06亿元/年,非使用价值为0.83亿元/年。该项研究可为湿地资源的开发规划提供参考。     

具有开发前景的药用植物活性成分──紫杉醇、β－胡萝卜素、三七皂甙、小蘖碱、齐墩果酸

本文对紫杉醇、β－胡萝卜素、三七皂甙、小蘖碱、齐墩果酸的来源、分布、含量、应用、市场及提取分离等方面作了简要概述，指出了开发利用途径．