2008~2016年鄱阳湖生态经济区生态系统服务价值的时空变化研究

鄱阳湖生态经济区是中国重要生态功能区和世界自然基金会划定的全球重要生态区,2009年开始建设,目前已完成首要阶段的建设工作。基于土地覆被遥感解译数据,利用生态价值评估模型及GIS空间统计方法,分析鄱阳湖生态经济区2008~2016年间生态系统服务价值时空格局及动态演化。结果表明,鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用/覆被方式以耕地、林地和草地为主,8年间区内草地和建筑用地面积明显增加,水域面积减少加剧,生态系统服务价值总体呈减少趋势,其中减少最明显的是林地和水域系统价值。水源涵养和土壤保持是鄱阳湖生态经济区最主要的生态系统服务功能,两者合计占比38%以上,但食物生产、水源涵养与废物处理的各单项生态服务价值下降比例较多。生态系统服务价值年均减少率超过20%的区域主要在城市地区,从空间分布来看,南部区域生态服务价值增长具有优势,尤其在2012~2016年间总的优势更为明显。     

依据(代)生物体对化学品的反应预测对生态系统服务功能的影响

保护生态系统服务功能越来越多地被作为风险评估的目标,但是目前生态风险评估的终点和评估生态系统服务功能受到的潜在影响之间有很大的差距。作者提出了一个框架,将常用的生态毒理学终点与对种群和群落的影响以及生态系统的服务功能联系起来。这个框架建立在机制效应模型的长足进步上,这些模型旨在跨越多种生物组织,并解释各种生物相互作用和反馈。为了说明这一点,作者引入了2个研究案例,它们采用了已完善和已验证的机制效应模型：鱼种群的inSTREAM个体模型和AQUATOX生态系统模型。他们还展示了动态能量平衡理论可以为解释组织级毒性提供一种通用货币。他们认为,一个基于机制模型的框架,可以预测化学品暴露对生态系统服务的影响,再结合经济估值,可以为环境管理提供一种有用的方法。作者强调了使用这个框架的潜在好处以及未来工作中需要解决的挑战。
精选自Forbes, V. E., Salice, C. J., Birnir, B., Bruins, R. J.F., Calow, P., Ducrot, V., Galic, N., Garber, K., Harvey, B. C., Jager, H., Kanarek, A., Pastorok, R., Railsback, S. F., Rebarber, R. and Thorbek, P. (2017), A framework for predicting impacts on ecosystem services from (sub)organismal responses to chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 845–859. doi: 10.1002/etc.3720
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3720/full
     

An integrated ecosystem service assessment in an artificial desert oasis of northwestern China

Spatially explicit integrated assessment of ecosystem services is a new and important research field in landscape ecology. The objective of this paper was to develop an integrated process-based modeling method to simulate changes in multiple ecosystem services in 2000–2009 at pixel and regional scales in the Zhangye oasis of northwestern China. Six ecosystem service indicators were selected and quantified using process-based models, including net primary production (NPP), grain production, net oxygen production (NOP), carbon sequestration (CS), water conservation, and soil conservation. Analytical results were as follows: (1) At the oasis scale, NPP, NOP, CS, water conservation, and soil conservation decreased from 2000 to 2009, whereas grain production increased. (2) At the pixel scale, the spatial changes in NPP were similar to those in NOP and CS, but changes in grain production showed the opposite pattern. Water conservation and soil conservation showed somewhat unintuitive spatial patterns. (3) The impact of land-use forms on ecosystem services showed that grazing and township construction both had negative impacts on all services, but that nature conservation and wetland development had positive impacts on all services. This research showed that the integrated modeling can be proposed as an environmental decision-making tool in similar case studies.     

回转窑在医废焚烧工程应用中的参数优化

以规模3 t/h的某医疗废物焚烧生产线为依托,优化分析了回转窑焚烧装置核心控制参数(窑头温度、供风量及窑转速),考察了不同负荷、回转窑转动模式及进料方式对焚烧效果的影响,结果表明:窑头温度升高,有利于提高焚烧效果,是影响焚烧效果最重要的工艺参数;75%负荷时最佳工况是窑头温度850℃、窑转速0.09 r/min、供风量7 000 Nm3/h;连续反转的回转窑转动模式和恒流量的连续进料技术,有助于保持良好焚烧工况,炉渣热灼减率分别达到2.6%和2.3%。     

Estimating Ecological Value of Small Hydropower Using Contingent Valuation Method:An Application to Tongjiqiao Reservoir in Zhejiang Province,China

The small hydropower(SHP) will be less competitive in the absence of environmental value.The lack of information has become an important obstacle challenging decision-makers in resource-use choices.This paper is an application of contingent valuation method(CVM) in rural China to estimate the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for environmental services provided by exiting hydropower station.Using the single-bounded and dichotomouschoice CVM,the ecological value of Tongjiqiao Reservoir(TJQR) is estimated,and the annual mean WTPs of single-bounded and double-bounded CVM estimation are 141.05 and 219.52 Yuan(RMB)/a,respectively.The 95% confidence interval of annual WTP on an average is 118.47,166.79 Yuan(RMB)/a and 204.41,236.22(Yuan RMB)/a,respectively.In contrast,double-bounded model could obtain much more information of WTP of the investigated,thus reducing the confidence interval of estimation,and enhancing the estimation accuracy of the WTP.According to the estimated mean WTP of the double-bounded CVM,the total ecosystem service value of the TJQR is 15.54 million Yuan(RMB).Compared with the conventional electricity of fossil power and large hydropower,the SHP will be less competitive in the absence of non-market value,ignoring that the environmental impacts of existing SHP will undermine the healthy development of clean energy sector.     

Just Turn on the Faucet: A Content Analysis of PSAs About the Global Water Crisis on YouTube

Water is essential for human life, yet safe drinking water is a limited resource. Critical to fighting the global water crisis are public awareness campaigns, including Public Service Announcements (PSAs). While YouTube has become a popular medium for disseminating prosocial content such as PSAs, environmental communication efforts on this platform remain largely uninvestigated. This study examines the content and characteristics of global water crisis PSAs on YouTube by applying two communication models: the Extended Parallel Process Model, and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. These models are used to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the PSAs. Content analysis reveals that threat messages often outweigh efficacy messages in the videos, central route processing cues are more prevalent than peripheral route cues, and a focus on quality or quantity issues differed by sponsoring organization (non-profit, for-profit, government). Implications and avenues for potential future research are discussed.     

我国流域省际横向生态补偿机制初探-以九洲江和汀江-韩江流域为例

横向生态补偿作为生态补偿的一种重要方式,在补偿方式上更多地引入市场机制,更加灵活和有效。在流域横向生态补偿方面,2016年3月广东分别与广西、福建签订了关于九洲江、汀江-韩江的流域上下游横向生态补偿协议,首次构建了跨省水环境保护的合作机制。本文通过分析广东省与邻省(区)的流域横向生态补偿案例,重点探讨粤桂和粤闽开展流域横向生态补偿的形式、特点、绩效及存在的问题,认为存在流域生态补偿的法律基础薄弱,补偿资金的设定缺乏定量的科学依据,政策之间缺乏协调等问题,提出因地制宜地创设多种补偿模式,科学制定流域横向生态补偿的量化标准,鼓励采用多元化的补偿方式等建议。     

贫困地区农民真的从“新农合”中受益了吗

基本公共服务受益均等化要求新型农村合作医疗服务应有效地保障贫困地区的农民大致均等地享受该服务。本文运用边际受益归宿分析技术,实证测度了2007-2011年中国244个地级市(州)的新农合边际受益率,来探究贫困地区的农民是否真的从新农合中受益。研究发现:第一,与富裕地区相比,贫困地区的新农合边际受益率更高。2007-2011年,最贫困地区的新农合边际受益率分别为1.287 8、1.179 3、1.065 9、0.985 7和1.202 7,最富裕地区的新农合边际受益率分别为0.751 8、0.671 6、0.597 6、0.888 8和0.922 9。第二,从动态角度观察,贫困地区与富裕地区新农合边际受益率的差值在逐渐缩小。2007年,最贫困地区和最富裕地区的新农合边际受益率相差0.536 0,2011年,这一差值缩小为0.279 8。第三,传统的平均受益分析低估了贫困地区的新农合受益水平。以2007年为例,通过平均受益分析得到的最贫困地区的受益份额为24.20%,而边际受益归宿分析结果显示,最贫困地区从整体新农合受益提高中增加的受益份额达到了32.20%,较平均受益份额高出8个百分点,亦即,贫困地区的农民从新农合服务的扩张中可以获得更大的受益,在新农合服务的缩减中可能遭受更大的损失。本文的结论表明,国家在新农合中"亲贫"的政策倾向更多地惠及了贫困地区,新农合的受益均等化程度越来越高。为保证贫困地区的农民在更大程度上受益,政府应实施"精准医保扶贫",加大新农合投入;多元化新农合服务供给渠道,加强地区间协调配合;优化新农合资源配置,完善对地方政府和相关官员的激励约束机制,提高贫困地区新农合的生产效率。     

Sorption and desorption of lindane by wood charcoal in fixed‐bed reactor

Abstract

Sorption and desorption of lindane (y‐HCH) by wood charcoal (WC) and wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) in fixed‐bed reactor (FBR) were investigated in this study. WCT revealed a better performance than WC, in removing lindane in FBR. The breakthrough of lindane was significantly affected by the size of WCT, flow rate to the FBR, and depth of WCT bed. The removal of lindane in the presence of mixture of other pesticides was considerably reduced. The design parameters for FBR were calculated based on the bed‐depth service time (BDST) approach. Many parameters Viz. depth of sorption zone, velocity of sorption, sorbent use rate, critical bed‐depth, bed efficiency, and service time, were determined for design of the fixed‐bed. Using the material balance principle, the characteristics of the wave‐front were evaluated and found that the wave‐front velocity is approximately equal to the sorption velocity determined from the BDST approach. Desorption studies were performed in dilute organic solvent media and they gave an excellent performance in regeneration process.     

土地整理对区域蓝绿水资源配置的影响

绿水是流域内对植物和生态有积极作用的水量,是通过蒸散发流向大气圈的水汽流.绿水概念的提出有助于强化人类对自然界生态需水的重税.论文分析了大尺度水文循环中绿水流的影响因素,阐述了绿水资源对维持全球生态系统服务功能的积极意义.论文以土地整理过程为研究对象,按照水资源配置的公平性要求,构建符合土地整理特点的蓝绿水资源配置模型.模型综合考虑了蓝绿水生成机理、区域水权配置原则、上下游水量传输规律及区域水量配置方法等关键技术.最后以湖北省武汉市新洲区汪集街孔埠新农村试点土地整理工程为实例,对该区域蓝绿水配置情况进行深入研究.结果表明,土地整理中的土地利用/覆被变化影响区域耕地结构和生态系统服务价值,从而改变区域蓝水和绿水配置权值,实施区域内的人胜村、姚堤村、程山村的蓝绿水配置水量分别增加74 799 m<'3>/a、779 m<'3>/a、21 539 m<'3>/a,而堤围村、吴河村则分别减少了14 372 m<'3>/a、12 745 m<'3>/a.