土地利用和生态系统服务功能变化研究 ——以三峡库区大宁河流域为例

将土地利用类型分类为耕地、有林地（森林地）、灌木林地、草地、迹地、水体、建设用地和未利用地8类。以遥感数据为数据源，通过自动分类和人工解译相结合的方法获取了以上土地利用类型，并对三峡库区大宁河流域的土地利用变化过程和驱动力做了分析。以Costanza等人的全球生态系统服务价值的估测结果为基础，对各种地类生态服务功能价值重新赋值，进而估算近30年大宁河流域的生态服务价值，分析了其变化过程。结果表明：近30年，大宁河流域土地利用总的变化趋势是林、灌、草地经历了不断破坏和缓慢恢复的过程，耕地面积经历了先增后减，建设用地不断扩展。经济发展、人口增长和国家政策是土地利用变化的主要原因。生态系统服务功能经历了一个先损害后恢复的过程，表现为生态服务价值从1973年到1995年不断减少，而1995年到2002年连续增加。     

关于委托社会检测机构试行情况的调查与研究

环境监测服务社会化是环保体制机制改革创新的重要内容,余杭区通过严把检测机构准入关,严审监测方案可行性,严查监测过程规范性,严格检测机构监督考核等多项政策,对社会检测机构进行监督规范,从而为政府决策提供参考、为监督考核提供依据、为社会检测机构提供技术指导,满足了社会对检测的现实需求.为了进一步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策,建议建立诚信制度,切实提高建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策的公正性;完善监管机制,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策有效实施;加强人员培训,逐步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策;规范收费制度,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策稳定实施.     

环境监测综合业务平台建设的启示 ——以南通市为例

从南通市环境监测综合业务平台建设的系统管理员的视角入手,对平台建设中的经验进行了总结,主要有明确了清晰的工作流程、具备了较高的自动化程度、监测数据的直观展示、保证平台项目的实施人员、多层次的全员培训、完善硬件配套和保障等;同时也对平台建设中存在的问题进行了剖析,主要有平台建设合同过于宏大、平台建设应寻求合适的系统开发方合作、平台建设应形成共识统一思想、平台建设需求应适当"固化"等;全面总结平台建设相关经验教训,南通市环境监测综合业务平台的建设必然会继续前行.     

中国服务业CO2排放的时空特征与EKC检验

采用IPCC温室气体排放清单中CO₂排放因子与估算方法,核算了1995—2012年中国30个省区(不含港澳台地区和西藏自治区数据,全文同)服务业的CO₂排放量,并对30个省区服务业人均CO₂排放量的时空特征进行分析;利用基于面板数据的EKC模型检验中国及其三大经济带服务业增长与CO₂排放之间的关系. 结果表明:在考察期内,中国服务业人均CO₂排放量从0.16 t升至0.77 t,服务业人均增加值从1 621.04元增至9 991.95元;服务业人均CO₂排放量排在前列的省区大都位于东部地区;东部和中部地区人均CO₂排放量与服务业人均增加值之间呈线性正相关,人均服务业增加值每增加1个单位,人均CO₂排放量将分别增加1.02和1.16个单位;西部地区人均CO₂排放量与服务业人均增加值之间呈单调递增关系. 在此基础上,提出差别化的碳减排对策:①东部地区应通过技术改进和优化产业结构、能源消费结构来降低CO₂排放,并成为中国服务业节能减排的“领头羊”;②中、西部地区应在保持服务业经济适当增速的前提下,将提高能源利用效率和降低能源强度作为减排重点.      

An estimate of the effectiveness of an in-vehicle automatic collision notification system in reducing road crash fatalities in South Australia

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the potential effectiveness of an in-vehicle automatic collision notification (ACN) system in reducing all road crash fatalities in South Australia (SA).

Methods: For the years 2008 to 2009, traffic accident reporting system (TARS) data, emergency medical services (EMS) road crash dispatch data, and coroner's reports were matched and examined. This was done to initially determine the extent to which there were differences between the reported time of a fatal road crash in the mass crash data and the time EMS were notified and dispatched. In the subset of fatal crashes where there was a delay, injuries detailed by a forensic pathologist in individual coroner's reports were examined to determine the likelihood of survival had there not been a delay in emergency medical assistance.

Results: In 25% (N = 53) of fatalities in SA in the period 2008 to 2009, there was a delay in the notification of the crash event, and hence dispatch of EMS, that exceeded 10 min. In the 2-year crash period, 5 people were likely to have survived through more prompt crash notification enabling quicker emergency medical assistance. Additionally, 3 people potentially would have survived if surgical intervention (or emergency medical assistance to sustain life until surgery) occurred more promptly.

Conclusions: The minimum effectiveness rate of an ACN system in SA with full deployment is likely to be in the range of 2.4 to 3.8% of all road crash fatalities involving all vehicle types and all vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists) from 2008 to 2009. Considering only passenger vehicle occupants, the benefit is likely to be 2.6 to 4.6%. These fatality reductions could only have been achieved through earlier notification of each crash and their location to enable a quicker medical response. This might be achievable through a fully deployed in-vehicle ACN system.     

深圳市医疗卫生项目环境影响评价研究

医疗卫生项目环境影响评价具有独特的特点,具有较高的环境风险、专业性和复杂性。文章对医疗卫生项目环境影响评价中涉及的项目选址,水、气、声、固体废物、放射性和电磁辐射等环境影响因子进行研究,对评价适用标准、评价等级、污染来源、产污估算和污染防控措施等进行了分析与讨论,以期为医疗卫生项目环境影响评价以及相关部门的审批工作提供一定依据。     

Electrostatic hazards of charging of bedclothes and ignition in medical facilities

We investigated the charge generated on bedclothes (cotton and polyester) during bedding exchange with different humidities and the ignitability of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer (72.3 mass% ethanol) due to static spark with different temperatures to identify the hazards of electrostatic shocks and ignitions occurring previously in medical facilities. The results indicated that charging of the polyester bedclothes may induce a human body potential of over about 10?kV, resulting in shocks even at a relative humidity of 50%, and a human body potential of higher than about 8?kV can cause a risk for the ignition of the hand sanitizer. The grounding of human bodies via footwear and flooring, therefore, is essential to avoid such hazards (or to reduce such risks).     

建设工程第三方安全监管服务模式研究

研究了我国现存的建设工程第三方安全监管服务模式,分析了现有的3种第三方主体即监理单位、安全评价机构、保险公司各自的缺陷,提出了改进的建设工程第三方安全监管服务模式:政府购买专家服务模式和科研机构提供安全监管服务模式。通过案例分析,总结了改进的建设工程第三方安全监管服务模式的优势。     

Ensuring the service quality at a university construction technology laboratory in Brazil

Service quality in a construction technology laboratory can result in an improvement in construction companies’ competitiveness. This research aims to evaluate the service quality provided by a construction technology laboratory, specifically in the segment of performing testing through the rupturing of concrete samples. For this research, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire that was created based on a literature review regarding the surveying of laboratory customers at a university in the south of Brazil. Our research was both exploratory and quantitative, and the data were analyzed by applying multivariate data analysis. The conclusions of this study show that the dimensions of quality services are: communication, reliability, responsiveness, credibility, and tangibility. These five dimensions together provide a high explained variance standard of 79.75%. Having a suitable number of attendants available to serve customers and presenting agility in the construction laboratory is one of the managerial research contributions. Moreover, through information availability, this research generates greater traceability that can be used both by customers and by institutional management. Constantly and thoroughly monitoring the customer service cycle is another relevant factor that can improve the quality of the services provided.     

水热-碳酸钠法稳定化医疗废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属的研究

研究了水热-碳酸钠法对医疗废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属的稳定化效果及稳定化机制.结果表明,在水热条件下,碳酸钠能有效地降低飞灰中重金属的渗滤毒性,并且飞灰经水热处理后产生的废水中重金属的浓度也较低,避免了二次污染.原始飞灰中7种重金属的渗滤毒性为:Cd1.97mg/L,Cr1.56mg/L,Cu2.56mg/L,Mn17.30mg/L,Ni1.65mg/L,Pb1.56mg/L和Zn189.00mg/L,选择最佳工况对飞灰进行水热处理后(碳酸钠/干灰投加量:5/20,反应时间:8h,液固比:10/1),重金属渗滤毒性大为降低,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb渗滤浓度均小于0.02mg/L,Zn的渗滤浓度为0.05mg/L,符合国家标准GB5085.3-2007,水热反应后废水重金属浓度均低于0.8mg/L.水热反应后飞灰重金属渗滤毒性和反应产生废水中重金属浓度均随着反应时间的延长而降低.反应时间的延长有利于硅铝酸盐的结晶与老化,使重金属在硅铝酸盐晶体中位置发生迁移,形成重金属稳定性很强的结构.重金属稳定化机制主要是由于硅铝酸盐胶体形成,结晶、老化过程中对重金属离子共沉淀与吸附作用.