土壤中总汞的不同测定方法对比分析研究

对土壤中总汞的两种不同测定方法进行了对比分析.通过方法检出限、精密度、准确度和加标回收率的对比,结果表明,水浴消解-原子荧光光谱法检出限为2.1 ng/g,精密度为2.52～4.63％,加标回收率介于94％～ 104％;汞分析仪直接测定法检出限为0.08 ng/g,精密度为2.89～ 5.61％,加标回收率介于90％～102％.相比水浴消解-原子荧光法,直接测定法操作更加简单、便捷,而且无繁琐的前处理环节,适于大批量土壤中总汞的分析测定,是一个比较理想的分析方法.     

碘化活性炭吸附和预富集水体汞的方法

化学处理活性炭对汞等重金属离子具有良好的吸附特性。通过一系列测试获得了碘化和氯化活性炭预富集水体汞的优化方案。对实验室配制汞标准样品的测试表明,碘化和氯化活性炭对汞具有良好的吸附特性,而采样管的内径、活性炭的填充量以及过滤流速均影响活性炭预富集水体汞的效率。采用600mg的碘化活性炭采样管(内径:0.35cm),在水体过滤流速为10r/min(7mL/min)~25r/min(17mL/min)的条件下,碘化活性炭对水体汞的吸附效率可达到95%以上。增加流速和采样管内径以及减少活性炭填充量均会降低活性炭对水体汞的吸附效率。同时进一步测试了碘化活性炭对高汞(万山汞矿区渗滤水,含量范围:37.68~321.57ng/L)和低汞(贵阳市降水,含量范围:2.76~9.98ng/L)等天然水体汞的预富集效率,其预富集效率的平均值分别为96.74%(n=8)和96.09%(n=8)。该研究为采用化学处理活性炭技术预富集天然水体汞以及开展水体汞同位素测试提供了一种全新方法。     

燃煤烟气中汞排放常见控制方法的分析研究

随着公众环保意识的增强,燃煤电厂烟气中汞污染越来越受到人们的关注和重视,燃烧烟气汞控制技术也逐渐成为当前研究热点.介绍了燃煤电厂烟气中汞的形态分布和特性,分析了国内研究现状,综述了燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后脱汞技术,重点讨论了燃烧后常用脱汞技术:活性炭吸附剂、钙基类吸附剂和选择性催化还原脱硝技术,同时展示了部分新型脱汞技术,并总结了三种方法的优缺点.对燃煤电厂脱汞技术进行展望,提出了先氧化再利用现有废气处理设施联合脱汞的设想.     

珠三角某垃圾焚烧厂周边植物叶片汞含量空间格局影响因素影响因素

为研究珠三角某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂周边汞污染空间格局及影响因素,于2014年1月,采集了马占相思、荔枝和芒萁等优势种的叶片样品192份,并同步采集相应表层土壤样品64份,采用冷原子吸收法测定样品总汞含量,并运用ADMS模型对2013年大气汞年均浓度进行模拟,分析了植物叶片汞含量与土壤和大气汞浓度之间的关系。结果表明,植物叶片的汞含量范围为0.0029~0.1741 mg·kg-1,荔枝叶片汞含量最高,为(0.0766±0.0395)mg·kg-1,其次为芒萁((0.0599±0.0370)mg·kg-1)和马占相思((0.0556±0.0396)mg·kg-1)。植物叶片汞含量与土壤汞含量无显著相关性,而受风向和距污染源的距离影响显著,与ADMS模拟的大气年均汞浓度存在显著相关性。研究表明,植物叶片汞含量变化与烟气扩散浓度的空间分异格局基本吻合,叶片对大气中汞的吸收在植物与环境的汞交换中占据主导地位,对叶片的生物监测可以反映城市生活垃圾焚烧厂汞排放对生态环境的实际影响。     

中国主要红树植物中汞含量特征与沉积物汞形态之间的关系

为了解红树植物对汞的富集能力和影响因素,对我国几种主要的红树植物的汞含量、沉积物总汞含量和形态进行了研究.结果表明,几种主要红树植物的总汞含量范围为817.5～3 197.6 ng/g,具有明显的种间差异和器官差异.秋茄汞含量为(1 579.4±1 326.8)ng/g,桐花树为(2 115.1±1 892.3)ng/g,白骨壤为(2 159.3±1 678.7)ng/g,木榄为(2 566.5±821.6)ng/g,海漆为(2 104.3±1 661.8)ng/g,无瓣海桑为(3 197.6±2 782.8)ng/g,老鼠簕为817.5±632.3 ng/g,红海榄为(1 801.8±1 255.4)ng/g.各种红树植物对汞的吸收能力的顺序为:无瓣海桑木榄白骨壤桐花树海漆红海榄秋茄老鼠簕.我国主要红树林地区表层沉积物的汞形态主要为易挥发态,其次为硫化物及有机结合态或可交换离子态,少量为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态,残渣态少量甚至没有.只有深圳红树林沉积物中的汞以残渣态为主,其次为硫化物及有机物结合态.无瓣海桑的茎和叶,海漆叶的汞含量与易挥发态汞、可交换态汞具有显著正相关关系,而大多数红树植物的茎汞和叶汞含量与沉积物的总汞含量、不同形态汞之间并没有明显的相关性.红树植物富集的汞来源多样,且这些不同来源的汞在植物体内可能是能够迁移的.     

浙西地区典型节能灯加工集聚区大气气态总汞污染特征研究

汞是最具危害性的全球性重金属污染物，而节能灯生产引起的汞污染问题则日益突出。选取浙西地区某典型节能灯加工集聚区为研究对象，等间距设置7个采样点及1个对照点，每3个月采样一次，采用多台高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(Tekran2537A)对集聚区周边环境中大气气态总汞(TGM)开展了为期2 a的实时同步观测，通过分析节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度特征及其时空变化特征，旨在明确规模化节能灯加工产业对当地大气环境的影响，明晰其大气汞污染现状，以期为后续深入研究和环境修复提供理论支持。结果表明：浙西地区典型节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度[(3.22±0.78) ng·m-3]显著高于全球TGM质量浓度背景值(1.5~2.0 ng·m-3)和研究区设置对照点TGM质量浓度水平[(1.20±0.35) ng·m-3]，显示集聚区大气已受到一定程度的汞污染。同时，研究区内各采样点TGM质量浓度波动幅度较大(0.93~6.74 ng·m-3)，说明节能灯加工带来的人为排汞对采样点环境影响显著。此外，节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度具有明显的季节性和空间异质性。在季节上表现为：冬季>秋季>夏季>春季，受研究区温度和土壤环境条件影响较大，且TGM质量浓度波动情况与当地春耕秋种时节较为频繁的人为活动情况相一致。在水平分布上表现为：随节能灯加工集聚区中心距离的增加而逐渐减小，各采样点组间TGM质量浓度标准差变化幅度大，组内变化不大，说明汞的大气传输和扩散可能与空气的稀释作用、汞的干湿沉降及地形、风向、风速等因素有关，同时，小范围内空气交换速度不大，TGM质量浓度保持相对稳定。因此，浙西地区节能灯加工产业已对当地大气环境产生了一定的影响，必须采取有效措施控制节能灯加工带来的大气汞污染问题。     

土壤性质对土壤中汞赋存形态的影响

土壤是一个复杂的生态系统,典型相关分析表明,土壤的组成性状对土壤中汞的形态分布影响较大,影响因子主要有ＦＡ,ＨＡ,有机质和碳酸盐含量,土壤粘粒作用较小,土壤有机质表现出很强的表面络合能力。     

Experiences from phasing out the use of mercury in Sweden

The Swedish parliament has decided that the use of mercury (Hg) in society should be phased out by the target year 2000 and substituted with alternative, less harmful elements or compounds. This is to reduce exposure to the toxic heavy metal, levels of which have increased two to seven times in the Swedish environment during the last century. Mercury in products and goods in use in Sweden has been estimated at 100 tonnes Hg, which will slowly be released into the environment if no preventative measures are taken. To avoid handing over unsolved environmental problems and connected costs to future generations, the Swedish government commissioned the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to improve the efficiency of Hg collection and to find a solution for terminal storage of the waste. The result is that the Swedish EPA considers deep storage in rock, accompanied by technical measures to further reduce the risk of future Hg emissions to be the safest method. It has funded approximately 50 projects with the goal of spreading information about the Hg problem and removing Hg from society. The projects have focused on areas where there is a great risk of Hg in products and goods entering the environment. About 6 tonnes Hg has so far been collected in these projects – end of 1999 – and the cost of the Hg collected has varied between 70 and 1300 US$ kg^–1 Hg. The projects were more cost-effective than traditional inspection by an official due to local participation, use of Hg-tracker dogs, and employment of professional electricians in the search for Hg. The involvement of school children and the public has resulted in an increased awareness of environmental matters, and, together with the emptying of water seals, reduced Hg levels in municipal sewage sludge. Electronic Publication     

ZnCl2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征,并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物,实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用,以物理吸附作用为主;随着Hg^0入口浓度的提高,污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg^0饱和吸附容量增大;随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg^0的吸附作用减弱;在吸附反应温度125℃,Hg^0入口浓度60．4μg／m3污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg^0吸附容量分别为81．2gg／g和53．8μg／g,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附作用好于选定的活性炭。     

Atmospheric mercury concentrations and speciation measured from 2004 to 2007 in Reno, Nevada, USA

Atmospheric elemental, reactive and particulate mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured north of downtown Reno, Nevada, USA from November 2004 to November 2007. Three-year mean and median concentrations for gaseous elemental Hg (Hg⁰) were 1.6 and 1.5 ng m⁻³ (respectively), similar to global mean Hg⁰ concentrations. The three-year mean reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration (26 pg m⁻³) was higher than values reported for rural sites across the western United States. Well defined seasonal and daily patterns in Hg⁰ and RGM concentrations were observed, with the highest Hg⁰ concentrations measured in winter and early morning, and RGM concentrations being greatest in the summer and mid-afternoon. Elevated Hg⁰ concentrations in winter were associated with periods of cold, stagnant air; while a regularly observed early morning increase in concentration was due to local source and surface emissions. The observed afternoon increase and high summer values of RGM can be explained by in situ oxidation of gaseous Hg⁰ or mixing of RGM derived from the free troposphere to the surface. Because both of these processes are correlated with the same environmental conditions it is difficult to assess their overall contribution to the observed trends.