Applying the precautionary principle to consumer household cleaning product development

Hazardous chemicals are pervasive in household disinfectant products. Many ingredients have established associations with acute and chronic human health conditions as well as with environmental damage. Although these associations are suggested but not proven, they are of great concern. This article describes the application of the precautionary principle to the selection of an anti-microbial active ingredient for a botanical disinfectant when significant uncertainty exists around the hazard and risk of traditional disinfectant active ingredients. We show that application of the precautionary principle does not stifle innovation and facilitates a responsible approach to product development.     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

南京企业雨排和清下水排口排放现状及对策研究

对南京典型工业企业雨排及清下水排口水质排放情况进行监测分析,摸清排放现状,分析成因.并提出对策和建议,要求环境管理部门加强对工业企业雨污分流的监管,各地方可以根据实际情况制定相应的地方标准.以南京为例,加大对工业企业雨排和清下水排口的监测管理力度,把工业企业雨排和清下水排口纳入正常的监测计划,对出现超标以及雨排或清下水排口排放量超过40吨/天的工业企业应安装污染源在线监控系统.最终倒逼企业加强环境管理,减少对外环境的影响.     

倍福Profibus现场总线端子模块在炼钢电炉除尘系统中的应用

通过90 t炼钢电炉除尘工程控制系统的具体的工程项目实例,简略介绍了倍福(Beckhoff)现场总线端子模块及其在工程项目中的应用.     

安全利用火烧清理法进行脱硅器的清理

针对氧化铝生产中密闭性压力容器脱硅器清理作业环境差、清理难度大、危险性高等特点,结合中国铝业中州分公司脱硅器现场清理检修作业的实践经验,阐述了如何安全利用火烧法进行脱硅器现场清理工作.     

通风机站风流间相互影响阻力特性研究*

为研究双风机并联机站进口、出口风流相互影响的机站局部阻力特性,构建机站通风局部阻力计算的数学模型,同时运用相似原理建立双风机并联通风机站实验模型,并佐以数值模拟对比验证,分析计算不同风机间距的无量纲数A、不同扩散器结构参数条件下的综合影响系数Kc。结果表明:A与Kc具有二次函数关系,且存在较优的A,使得Kc值最小;Kc值随着L/Df增加而线性减小。研究结果有利于Kc的选取,为高效率通风机站结构设计提供技术及数据支撑。     

利用等离子技术治理再生纤维汽车内衬生产过程中的烟气

利用等离子技术,治理树脂聚合法生产再生纤维汽车内饰材料过程中产生的烟气,对等离子净化装置的结构参数、操作参数进行了优化,并对等离子体净化机理进行了分析。利用等离子技术,能够处理常规工艺设备无法治理的极微细可吸入颗粒物和气溶胶烟气;并可同时净化可吸入颗粒物和气态污染物。该设备结构简单、运行费用极低,可在产生烟气的很多行业和领域推广应用。     

Hydrogeochemical Indicators of Groundwater Flow Systems in the Yangwu River Alluvial Fan,Xinzhou Basin,Shanxi, China

Based on analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indicators, this article aims to identify the groundwater flow systems in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, in the Xinzhou Basin, China. Groundwater δ²H and δ¹⁸O values indicate that the origin of groundwater is mainly from precipitation, with local evaporative influence. d-excess values lower than 10% in most groundwaters suggest a cold climate during recharge in the area. Major ion chemistry, including rCa/rMg and rNa/rCl ratios, show that groundwater salinization is probably dominated by water–rock interaction (e.g., silicate mineral weathering, dissolution of calcite and dolomite and cation exchange) in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, and locally by intensive evapotranspiration in the Hutuo River valley. Cl and Sr concentrations follow an increasing trend in shallow groundwater affected by evaporation, and a decreasing trend in deep groundwater. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios reflect the variety of lithologies encountered during throughflow. The groundwater flow systems (GFS) of the Yangwu River alluvial fan include local and intermediate flow systems. Hydrogeochemical modeling results, simulated using PHREEQC, reveal water–rock interaction processes along different flow paths. This modeling method is more effective for characterizing flow paths in the intermediate system than in the local system. Artificial exploitation on groundwater in the alluvial fan enhances mixing between different groundwater flow systems.     

废钢铁切割加工烟尘的治理

介绍了氧-乙炔火焰切割加工废钢铁产生的烟尘治理系统的设计和系统设备选型,重点介绍了烟尘捕集罩的设计和除尘器、电磁脉冲阀、风机的选型和PLC自动控制以及系统实际运行效果,为废钢铁加工企业治理污染提供一套简单、经济、实用的除尘系统作参考.     

高压水射流清洗油井结垢管安全生产问题讨论

针对目前油田开发生产中出现的油井管存在结垢日益严重、清洗难度大、污染环境、影响油水井安全生产等问题,理论与实际结合,提出了利用高压水射流清洗结垢管技术。给出了结垢管安全清洗的工艺流程及清洗装置,并阐明射流清洗的工作原理、结构特点、技术标准、检验方法、安全保护措施等,同时进行了高压旋转喷头的设计和其他技术参数的优选。通过胜利油田孤东采油厂结垢管现场高压水射流安全清洗,证实该技术具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,保证结垢管的安全使用和油水井的安全生产。