Formation of disinfection by-products during sodium hypochlorite cleaning of fouled membranes from membrane bioreactors

•HAAs was dominant among the DBPs of interest. •Rising time, dose, temperature and pH raised TCM and HAAs but reduced HANs and HKs. •Low time, dose and temperature and non-neutrality pH reduced toxic risks of DBPs. •The presence of EPS decelerated the production of DBPs. •EPS, particularly polysaccharides were highly resistant to chlorine. Periodic chemical cleaning with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is essential to restore the membrane permeability in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). However, the chlorination of membrane foulants results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), which will cause the deterioration of the MBR effluent and increase the antibiotic resistance in bacteria in the MBR tank. In this study, the formation of 14 DBPs during chemical cleaning of fouled MBR membrane modules was investigated. Together with the effects of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), influences of reaction time, NaClO dosage, initial pH, and cleaning temperature on the DBP formation were investigated. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trichloromethane (TCM), composed over 90% of the DBPs, were increasingly accumulated as the NaClO cleaning time extended. By increasing the chlorine dosage, temperature, and pH, the yield of TCM and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was increased by up to a factor of 1‒14, whereas the yields of haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloketones (HKs) were decreased. Either decreasing in the chlorine dosage and cleaning temperature or adjusting the pH of cleaning reagents toward acidic or alkaline could effectively reduce the toxic risks caused by DBPs. After the EPS extraction pretreatment, the formation of DBPs was accelerated in the first 12 h due to the damage of biofilm structure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed that EPS, particularly polysaccharides, were highly resistant to chlorine and might be able to protect the cells exposed to chlorination.     

含油污泥化学清洗处理实验研究与工艺参数优化

以大庆采油一厂的含油污泥为研究对象,采用化学清洗方法,以处理后底泥残油率为评价指标,优化影响含油污泥清洗效率的参数。根据单因素实验,确定清洗温度、化学药剂浓度、液固比的取值范围;采用Design-Expert响应曲面法,考察单独变量作用及交互作用对含油污泥残油率的影响。选择软件中二次多项式模型进行模拟可知,单因素变量、清洗温度与化学药剂浓度的交互项均对含油污泥残油浓度具有显著影响;模型优化结果显示,化学法处理含油污泥的最佳工艺条件为清洗温度78.68 ℃、化学药剂浓度0.84 g·L-1、液固比9.40∶1,模型预测底泥残油率为3.85%,实验验证结果的平均值是3.96%,测定值与预测值之间相对误差为2.78%,证明该模型的可靠性。     

Cleaning method of the oil field wastewater treatment by UF process

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ ,ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓｄｅｍａｎｄｆｏｒｏｉｌｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｉｌｆｉｅｌｄｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｈａｓａｌｓｏｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｓｅｖｅｒｅ .Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｏｍｅｄｏｚｅｎｓｏｆｏｒｓｅｖｅｒａｌｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｍｉｌｌｉｇｒａｍｓｏｉｌｐｅｒｌｉｔｅｒｏｉｌｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ,ｗｈｉｃｈｅｘｃｅｅ…     

石油工业动火安全防护方法研究

在石油生产设备设施的建设安装和检修动火过程中,工程技术人员创造发明了防护盲板、防护接地、加装管道扫线接口和绝缘螺栓四种防护方法。防护盲板主要应用于隔离动火一方与不动火一方的防护,防止在动火管线可能着火放炮时,保障动火安全;防护接地是为防止被动火设备因电焊机杂散电流引起火灾而设置的专用接地线,把杂散电流引入大地;扫线接口既可用于管道的排空,又可利用此接口输入气体或液体对管道进行扫线;绝缘螺栓应用于管线法兰与容器法兰之间加绝缘盲板的临时固定,以隔离管线与容器法兰的电焊杂散电流通路。为石油工业动火作业安全提供技术参考。     

瓦斯积聚量及爆炸距离对风机和防爆门的影响研究*

为揭示瓦斯积聚量及瓦斯爆炸距离对风机和防爆门的影响机制,利用Fluent模拟软件,结合宁煤集团羊场湾矿的实际情况,在构建三维数学物理模型的基础上,开展不同瓦斯积聚量（56.52,113.04,169.56,226.08 m3）和不同爆炸距离（20,30,50,70 m）条件下的模拟研究。研究结果表明:风机和防爆门处超压峰值随瓦斯积聚量增加而增加,均呈线性关系,瓦斯积聚量为56.52 m3时风机处超压峰值为0.260 MPa,小于风机破坏荷载0.306 MPa;考虑安全系数前提下,当瓦斯积聚量超过56.52 m3时防爆门应开启保护风机;在确定瓦斯积聚量为56.52 m3基础上,分析不同爆炸距离对风机和防爆门影响,由模拟结果可知,风机和防爆门处超压峰值随爆炸距离增加而降低,均呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为瓦斯爆炸对风机和防爆门的影响研究提供指导。     

柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖生态效益分析

本文就柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖的生态效益进行了分析。结果表明，梯级桔园生草覆盖有效地控制了水土流失，改善了土壤理化性能，达到了保土保水保肥的目的；还可调节桔园小气候，为桔园生产创造了良好的生态环境，有利于柑桔的稳产高产。     

随身自动空气净化处理器的研究

随身自动空气净化器，采用了活性炭、光催化技术相结合的空气过滤装置。空气污染传感器与单片机组成空气质量监测电路，当空气污染超标时，产生语音提示，液晶屏显示空气质量的等级，自动（或手动）控制引风机工作，供给个人清新无污染的空气。     

金属微孔材料及其在高温煤气除尘中的应用研究

介绍了一种新型的高性能金属微孔过滤材料———烧结金属丝网过滤材料及其特性。将该过滤材料应用于高温煤气的除尘过程中 ,试验表明 ,处理效果良好。对于煤气含尘浓度在 3 70 0— 490 0mg Nm3的煤气 ,经处理后 ,可降至 2 0mg Nm3以下 ,过滤效率 >99.5 %。     

对声波助清技术在布袋除尘器中应用的认识

布袋除尘器发展过程主要体现在两个方面：一是滤料材质的发展；二是清灰方式的发展。声波助清灰是以声波清灰为辅，其它清灰方式(如反吹、振打等)为主，使粉尘易于清除的技术。本文在介绍了声波助清灰工作原理的基础上，浅析了声压级和频率对清灰效果的影响、声波助清灰技术中的一些关键问题，最后又提出了自己的几点看法。     

超滤膜污染和清洗方法的研究

本文以牛血清蛋白为料液,用酸、碱和表面活性剂作为清洗剂,对聚砜、聚丙烯腈等四种不同材质的超滤膜进行了污染和清洗实验,同时还研究了不同ＰＨ值对膜清洗效果的影响,结果表明,对于季铵化聚砚膜,用ＮａＯＨ清洗效果较好,丙烯腈膜以ＨＣｌ清洗效果为好;Ｐ天等电点附近,容易引起吸附