外源盐对不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收潜力的影响

目前,关于不同盐含量及外源CH_4浓度对盐碱土壤CH_4吸收的影响机制尚不清楚.因此,本研究通过室内培养实验,设定大气外源CH_4浓度((2.5±0.1)μL·L-1)和高外源CH_4浓度((6451.6±2.9)μL·L-1),并调节盐碱土壤盐含量,探究不同盐碱程度土壤CH_4吸收潜力的变化趋势.结果表明,两种外源CH_4浓度条件下,无外源盐添加的不同盐碱程度土壤SA1(轻度盐化土壤)、SB1(强度盐化土壤)、SC1(盐土)均表现为随盐碱程度增加,CH_4累积吸收量降低的趋势,即SA1SB1SC1;不同外源CH_4浓度下,CH_4累积吸收量表现为:高外源CH_4浓度(4.10×104μg·kg~(-1))远远大于大气外源CH_4浓度(6.85μg·kg~(-1)).此外,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测与计算得到不同盐碱程度土壤甲烷氧化菌丰度、甲烷氧化菌比活性.3种不同盐碱程度条件下,随着盐含量增加,土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性降低,CH_4累积吸收量亦降低,盐含量较高的土壤(SB1、SC1)加入外源盐后,会明显降低CH_4吸收.因此,两种外源CH_4浓度条件下,不同盐碱程度土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性越高,CH_4累积吸收量越大;盐碱土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性变化量越大,CH_4累积吸收变化量越高.说明在两种不同外源CH_4浓度下,土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性是不同盐碱程度土壤CH_4吸收潜力的根本原因.     

驯化矿化垃圾CH4氧化速率和N2O释放研究

利用畜禽废水驯化矿化垃圾,并将其与原生矿化垃圾和粘土对比,分析了土壤理化性质、含水率、温度等对CH4氧化能力和N2O释放的影响.研究表明:驯化矿化垃圾对CH4的氧化能力(15.48 μmol·g-·h-1)明显高于原生矿化垃圾和所选粘土土样;材料的粒径尺寸、有机质、氨氮硝化率及硝态氮生成率均与CH4氧化能力有着显著的正相关性;驯化矿化垃圾在加入蒸馏水后释放大量的N2O,产生N2O的量是原生矿化垃圾的2倍,并且比粘土高一个数量级.由于驯化矿化垃圾对环境的适应能力强,CH4氧化能力高,进而能够减少温室气体排放,可作为一种较为理想的填埋场覆土材料.     

碱改性活性炭表面特征及其吸附甲烷的研究

采用不同浓度的氢氧化钠对椰壳活性炭进行表面改性.BET和SEM分析改性前后活性炭的表面结构,Boehm滴定和SEM/EDS方法测定活性炭表面元素及含氧基团.研究改性活性炭对甲烷的吸附性能和吸附行为.结果表明,经氢氧化钠改性处理后,活性炭孔径变化不明显,表面含氧基团显著减少;当氢氧化钠的浓度>3.3 mol·L-1时,活性炭的比表面积和孔容大于未处理的活性炭,并且随碱的浓度增加而增大.与改性前的活性炭相比,甲烷在碱改性活性炭上的吸附量提高了24%.增加活性炭的比表面积和孔容,减少表面的含氧基团有利于甲烷的吸附.甲烷的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附式,吸附常数为163.7 m3·mg-1.     

天然和水热合成针铁矿对有机物厌氧分解释放CH4的影响

以乙酸钠为碳源,通过序批式实验研究了天然和水热合成针铁矿对铁还原菌-甲烷菌厌氧微生物生化系统中CH4释放量的影响.通过对实验过程中气体组分、溶液中总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)、Fe2+等主要组分的分析测定和固体产物的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,结合对矿物的比表面(BET)、XRD、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析表征,探讨了针铁矿在铁还原菌存在下对有机物厌氧消化产CH4的影响和作用机制.利用修正Gompertz方程对累计产CH4和CO2量进行拟合.结果表明,与对照实验组相比,添加针铁矿能使CH4累计释放量提前60～78 d达到最大值,并且能有效降低CO2释放量达30%～67%,添加水热合成针铁矿较之天然针铁矿更能促进CH4释放和减少CO2释放;固体产物分析表明添加针铁矿促使菱铁矿形成固定部分CO2.     

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane (CH 4 ) emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second (2011) and third (2012) rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season (WR), of rice straw but no wheat straw return (R), of wheat straw but no rice straw return (W) and a control with no straw return (CK), were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha (2011) and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha (2012). The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.     

Composition and Some Ecological Features of Winter Zooplankton in Deep Stratified Lakes

For the first time, zooplankton and environmental factors have been studied in winter in the deep stratified lakes Siverskoe, Borodaevskoe, and Vydogoshch. The zooplankton consists of 18–22 species of rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, including 15–18 specifically winter, cryophilic and eurythermic forms. The populations of zooplankters reproduce actively: males and egg-bearing females (in copepods), females with embryos and eggs in brood pouches (in cladocerans), and females with attached eggs (in rotifers) are present. In lakes Siverskoe and Borodaevskoe (depth 20–24 m), where oxygen deficiency is observed only in the bottom water layer, the zooplankton populates the greater part of the water column and forms a large aggregation in the oxycline and near the bottom. The abundance of bacteria in these zones is high (up to 4–6 × 10⁶ cells/ml). In Lake Vydogoshch (depth 16 m), oxygen deficiency extends to the middle layers, and all zooplankton is distributed above the oxycline. The biomass of winter zooplankton in Lake Siverskoe in 1983 averaged 1.26 g/m³, with a maximum of 4 g/m³; in 1993, 1.4 and 8.04 g/m²; the respective values in Lake Borodaevskoe were 0.98 and 3.1 in 1983 and 0.14 and 1.6 in 1993; in Lake Vydogoshch, 0.15 and 0.24 in 1983 and 1.25 g/m³ in 1993. The development of winter zooplankton is limited by the size of the zone of oxygen deficiency and depends on the amount of food (bacterioplankton). The distribution of zooplankton in the water column and its biomass in individual layers is determined by the rate of methane formation and oxidation.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 201–214.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rivier.     

Integrated biological–physical process for biogas purification effluent treatment

Biogas purification via water scrubbing produces effluent containing dissolved CH₄, H₂S, and CO₂, which should be removed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase its potential for water regeneration. In this study, a reactor built with air supplies at the top and bottom was utilized for the treatment of biogas purification effluent through biological oxidation and physical stripping processes. Up to 98% of CH₄ was removed through biological treatment at a hydraulic retention time of 2 hr and an upper airflow rate of 2.02?L/day. Additionally, a minimum CH₄ concentration of 0.04% with no trace of H₂S gas was detected in the off gas. Meanwhile, a white precipitate was captured on the carrier showing the formation of sulfur. According to the developed mathematical model, an upper airflow rate of greater than 2.02?L/day showed a small deterioration in CH₄ removal performance after reaching the maximum value, whereas a 50?L/day bottom airflow rate was required to strip the CO₂ efficiently and raise the effluent pH from 5.64 to 7.3. Microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of type 1 methanotroph communities dominated by Methylobacter and Methylocaldum. However, bacterial communities promoting sulfide oxidation were dominated by Hyphomicrobium.     

气相色谱法测定沼气中的甲烷

用气相色谱法对沼气成份中的甲烷进行测试。色谱柱为Porapak Q填充柱,载气为氩气,最佳工作条件为:柱温40℃,检测器温度180℃,进样器温度100℃,桥电流50 mA,载气流速20.3 mL/min,并利用外标法建立工作曲线。结果表明:所选色谱条件能够快速准确的对沼气进行测试,分离效果好,有较高的重复性和准确度,适合大量样品的测定。     

生物覆盖层基质对垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化的影响

生物覆盖层甲烷氧化是填埋场甲烷减排的重要途径,覆盖层基质性能对其甲烷氧化能力影响较大。选用≤1mm堆肥物(1#基质)、≤1mm堆肥物+陶粒(2#基质)、≤1mm堆肥物+陶粒(3#基质)、1～2mm堆肥物(4#基质)、2～3.2mm堆肥物(5#基质)等5种不同类型的生物覆盖层基质,在实验室内模拟研究填埋场生物覆盖层的甲烷生物氧化状况,旨在为筛选垃圾填埋场甲烷高效氧化的生物覆盖材料提供科学依据。试验结果表明:粒径对基质氧气传输能力的影响不明显;不同基质的甲烷氧化能力存在显著差异,纯堆肥物基质(1#、4#和5#基质)几乎没有甲烷氧化能力,堆肥物+陶粒(1:1(V:V))的复合基质(2#、3#基质)的甲烷氧化效率高达100%。堆肥物-陶粒复合基质为甲烷氧化细菌营造了良好的环境,改善了生物覆盖层内的气体传输性能,是一种适宜的填埋场生物覆盖层基质材料。     

梧州市生活垃圾高固体厌氧发酵产甲烷

以梧州市的生活垃圾为原料,针对其难降解部分含量相对较高的特点,进行高浓度中温[(35±2)℃]批式厌氧消化实验,主要研究TS的3个设置浓度对厌氧消化稳定性及性能的影响.结果表明,分别为20%、25%和30%的3种TS均能实现稳定的产甲烷过程,在整个过程中没有明显产生挥发性脂肪酸的抑制,pH能实现自稳态调控;TS为20%、25%和30%的厌氧消化的累积产甲烷量为93.06、105.92和117.23L/kgVS;较低的总固体浓度有助于缩短厌氧发酵周期,而较高浓度可提高产甲烷效率.