Environmental impact of biomethanogenesis

The environmental impact of biomethanogenesis is related to its ecological role, accumulation and effect as a greenhouse gas, and application in anaerobic digestion for conversion of biomass and wastes to methane and compost. Biological formation of methane is the process by which bacteria decompose organic matter using carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor in the absence of dioxygen or other electron acceptors. This microbial activity is responsible for carbon recycling in anaerobic environments, including wetlands, rice fields, intestines of animals sediments, and manures. The mixed consortium of microorganisms involved includes a unique group of bacteria, the methanogens, which may be considered to be in a separate kingdom based on genetic and phylogenetic variance from all other life forms. Because methane is a significant and increasing greenhouse gas, its source fluxes and their potential reduction are of concern. Biomethanogenesis may be harnessed for reduction of wastes and conversion of renewable resources to significant quantities of substitute natural gas which could mitigate carbon dioxide and other pollutants related to use of fossil fuels.     

我国填埋场改造及发展方向的探讨

对我国部分生活垃圾填埋场和室内填埋设施的填埋气组分进行了现场测试和分析,结果表明,厌氧填埋场的CH₄含量高,半好氧填埋场CH₄含量很低。并针对我国填埋场的现状提出了如果打算利用填埋气进行发电,填埋构造可以作成厌氧填埋,否则,填埋场应以安全性为 主,应建造成半好氧结构。      

NUTRIENTS DISCHARGED TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FROM EASTERN IOWA WATERSHEDS, 1996.19971

ABSTRACT: The introduction of nutrients from chemical fertilizer, animal manure, wastewater, and atmospheric deposition to the eastern Iowa environment creates a large potential for nutrient transport in watersheds. Agriculture constitutes 93 percent of all land use in eastern Iowa. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, water samples were collected (typically monthly) from six small and six large watersheds in eastern Iowa between March 1996 and September 1997. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to determine land use and quantify inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus within the study area. Streamliow from the watersheds is to the Mississippi River. Chemical fertilizer and animal manure account for 92 percent of the estimated total nitrogen and 99.9 percent of the estimated total phosphorus input in the study area. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads for 1996 were estimated for nine of the 12 rivers and creeks using a minimum variance unbiased estimator model. A seasonal pattern of concentrations and loads was observed. The greatest concentrations and loads occur in the late spring to early summer in conjunction with row‐crop fertilizer applications and spring nmoff and again in the late fall to early winter as vegetation goes into dormancy and additional fertilizer is applied to row‐crop fields. The three largest rivers in eastern Iowa transported an estimated total of 79,000 metric tons of total nitrogen and 6,800 metric tons of total phosphorus to the Mississippi River in 1996. The estimated mass of total nitrogen and total phosphorus transported to the Mississippi River represents about 19 percent of all estimated nitrogen and 9 percent of all estimated phosphorus input to the study area.     

黑龙江省气候变化对粮食生产的影响

收集1986~2000年黑龙江省79个县市农业生产资料和30个气象台站逐日气温、降水资料,应用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数方法将粮食产量分解为气候产量和经济产量,然后用EOF方法分析了粮食产量、气候影响程度指数、≥10℃积温、生长季降水的时空变化特征及其关系。结果表明:15年间全省粮食产量稳步增加,气候变暖趋势明显但降水变化不显著,变暖对粮食生产有利,降水的变化未对粮食产量产生实质影响。15年间气候影响程度总体增大,但气候变化及其影响具有时空差异性:1986~1993年北部和西南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加大于东北部和东南部;1993~2000年东北部和东南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加超过北部和西南部。     

北京市城市湖泊上空甲烷浓度水平和季节特征

通过对北京市市区内大于10 000 m2的10个湖泊上空0.5 m处甲烷浓度的季度观测,研究了北京市城市湖泊上空甲烷的浓度水平,并对其中4个典型的湖泊进行了每月1~2次的观测,分析了城市湖泊上空甲烷浓度的连续变化特征。结果表明湖泊上空甲烷浓度年平均值为2.337±0.431 mL/m3,高于全球均值和其他相关研究人员对北京市上空监测的结果。湖泊上空甲烷浓度季节之间的差异性显著(P<0.01),夏季的甲烷浓度较高(2.758±0.516mL/m3),秋季和春季相对较低。4个典型湖泊上空甲烷浓度连续变化具有一定的规律,大都在7-8月份达到甲烷浓度的高峰期,3月初融冰时都会有小幅增加;位于市中心的什刹海上空甲烷浓度相对较高。这表明了北京市内湖泊是甲烷排放的一个重要源头,同时也反映了北京作为一特大城市,其湖泊上空甲烷浓度受人类活动影响的特征。     

Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal (MBM) is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches, enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures (55°C and 131°C) and six sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 g/L). The MBM volatile solid (VS) reduction ratio was up to 66% and 70% at 55°C and 131°C, respectively. At the same temperature, the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of NaOH. The study on the methane (CH₄) production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55°C did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH₄ production process. However, CH₄ production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131°C. The CH₄ production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH₄/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH₄/g VS MBM at 55°C and 131°C, respectively.     

提高厌氧处理甲烷生成量方法的初步探讨

废水厌氧处理因其投资少、运行费用低、耐负荷、耐有毒物质冲击、可间断性运行、污泥产生量少、有可回收能源等优点倍受人们关注。但是 ,其处理效率低于好氧处理的现实却一直在困扰着人们。本文针对这一问题 ,从提高甲烷量的角度 ,提出了几点改进的方法 :消化气回流、消化气回流加氢和消化气回流加氢加热 ,并进行了初步实验。实验结果表明 ,甲烷气生成量和COD去除率都相应地得到了提高。     

上流式厌氧污泥床处理城市垃圾渗沥液的试验研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB)处理城市垃圾渗沥液 ,结果表明 :在水力停留时间为 1～ 6d和容积负荷为 1 5～ 7 8kgCOD/m3 ·d的条件下 ,COD的去除率为 6 0 %～ 85 5 % ,且去除率随水力停留时间的延长和负荷的增加而增加 ;甲烷产量随容积负荷的增加而呈线性增加 ;沼气中甲烷的含量基本在 90 %之上 ;污泥的VSS/SS先由 0 6 2逐渐减小到 0 5 6 ,随后稳定在 0 5 4～ 0 5 8之间 ;污泥的比产甲烷速率一直维持在 0 0 0 35～ 0 0 0 5 3gCODCH4 /gVSS·gCOD·d之间 ;厌氧处理渗沥液的基本动力学常数Ks、μm、Y和kd 分别为 380 7mgCOD/L、0 0 337d-1、0 0 6 6 1gVSS/gCOD和 0 0 0 14d-1。     

COD/SO42-对青霉素菌渣厌氧消化影响

针对抗生素菌渣厌氧消化过程SO_4~(2-)的抑制问题,利用批试实验对不同COD/SO_4~(2-)比青霉素菌渣厌氧消化产气潜能以及产酸相物质利用特性进行了研究.结果表明,COD/SO_4~(2-)≥3时,微生物发生了适应性驯化,产气潜能在发酵10 d后逐渐恢复,累积产甲烷量(以TS计)超过208 m L·g-1,超过71%的COD转化为CH4;COD/SO_4~(2-)≤1.5时,产甲烷分别受到49%及完全抑制,有机物及SO_4~(2-)的去除率分别不足17%和5%,表明较高SO_4~(2-)负荷下产甲烷菌(MPB)及硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)同时发生抑制,COD平衡分析表明,转化为CH4的COD不足9.1%,而还原为SO_4~(2-)的COD保持在5.0%~9.0%,说明MPB比SRB对S2-的抑制更为敏感;S平衡分析表明,还原的SO_4~(2-)大部分以S2-的形式存在于发酵液中,少部分以H2S的形式存在于生物气中;产酸过程物质利用特性分析表明,溶解性蛋白质的甲烷化是在溶解性碳水化物甲烷化之后才开始.     

Structural response for vented methane–air deflagrations: Effects of volumetric blockage ratio

To investigate the effects of cylinders placed parallel to the venting direction on the structural response of the vessel walls to an explosion, 25 batches of vented explosion tests were conducted in a 1 m³ rectangular vessel. Two types of structural response with different amplitudes and frequency distributions were observed and evaluated by comparing the vibration data with both the pressure data and high-speed videos. A low-amplitude structural response of approximately 150–250 m/s², which increased slightly as VBR increased, was triggered by a combination of the initial flame propagation, external explosion, Helmholtz oscillations, and the Taylor instability. A high-amplitude structural response of approximately 9500 m/s² was also observed, which decreased sharply as VBR increased. Additionally, the high amplitude response was never observed when more than two cylinders were present in the vessel. The high amplitude response was triggered due to the coupling between the acoustic wave, the flame, and the resonance of the vessel. The presence of obstacles did not increase the severity of the structural responses under the current experimental conditions. To the contrary, the presence of obstacles in the container attenuated or even inhibited the high-amplitude vibration of the container caused by the explosion.