水稻田烤田期间甲烷排放规律研究

报道了在镇江丘陵区水稻生产中的烤田期间不同处理的甲烷排放特点及其与土壤水分、氧化还原电位的关系。结果表明,在烤田初期有一个甲烷排放高峰,然后很快下降,烤田后期甲烷排放接近于零;前茬施用稻草,对烤田期间甲烷排放有显著的促进作用;不同氮肥用量对甲烷排放的影响规律不明显;烤田期间甲烷排放占水稻全生育期排放量的比例,在３．８６％～１３．９２％范围内变化。     

Photodegradation of malachite green and malachite green carbinol under irradiation with different wavelength ranges

The dye malachite green (MG) is used worldwide as a fungicide in aquaculture. It is a toxic substance which in aqueous solutions is partly converted into its non-ionic colorless form (leucocarbinol). The equilibrium between these two forms is pH-dependent (pK = 6.9). To assess the photodegradation of MG under sunlight conditions, both species were irradiated separately in aqueous solutions with different pH values (4.0 and 12.0) using various ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges (UV/VIS). A 700 W high-pressure mercury lamp with special filters was used. No artificial photooxidizers such as H₂O₂ or TiO₂ were added. MG leucocarbinol proved to be much more sensitive to irradiation than the dye form. Quantum yields Φ were calculated for some wavelength ranges as follows: MG carbinol: Φ_(280-312nm) is 4.3 × 10⁻³, Φ_(313-410nm) is 5.8 × 10⁻³, and MG dye: Φ_(280-312nm) is 4.8 × 10⁻⁵, Φ_(313-365nm) is 1.1 × 10⁻⁵, and Φ_(>365nm) is 0, respectively. Therefore, the solar photolysis of MG is an important sink and primarily depends on the photodegradation of the colorless leucocarbinol. During the irradiation of MG leucocarbinol with wavelengths >365 nm, an intermediate was formed which has photocatalytical properties.     

Parameters affecting the stability of the digestate from a two-stage anaerobic process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ day⁻¹. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO₂ at a rate lower than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR.     

Mitigation Strategy to Contain Methane Emission from Rice-Fields

Methane is primarily a biogenic gas, which is implicated in global climate change. Among all the sources of methane emission, paddy fields form the most dominant source. An experiment was conducted with a common paddy crop (Oryza sativa var. Vishnuparag) by amending the soils with different organic manures and biofertilizers with a view to find out an inexpensive strategy to mitigate methane emission from the rice-fields. The results revealed that there was a seasonal change in the CH₄ flux, registering a peak at heading stage in all treatments. The application of rice straw before flooding and the biofertilizer after flooding enhances CH₄ efflux from the rice-fields significantly, while composts of cowdung and leaves did not stimulate CH₄ production and, rather, decreased CH₄ fluxes. As soil pH and temperature were optimum for methanogenesis, it was likely that the organic C and the redox potential mainly modulated methane production and its emission through rice plants.     

城市污泥厌氧消化产沼气资源化研究

系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势,并重点讨论了污泥厌氧消化产沼气的可行性,介绍了提高消化速度的先进技术以及生物法沼气脱硫技术.认为污泥厌氧消化产沼气的资源化利用是符合我国国情的,并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径.     

基于浓度敏感性分析的甲烷机理简化

随着数值模拟技术的发展,化学反应机理开始应用于燃烧过程的重构和深入分析。详细机理是通过大量的实验研究得到的,其包含了大量的化学反应动力学信息,可以较为完备的描述化学反应过程,但是由于详细机理过于庞大一般不能直接运用到数值模拟中去,很有必要在研究特定问题时对详细机理进行一定的简化。介绍了PCAS机理简化方法,并运用该方法对甲烷燃烧的详细机理进行了简化研究,通过简化得到的101步简化机理与详细机理吻合较好。     

管道内甲烷-空气预混爆炸燃烧的数值模拟

在实际生产过程中,有很多情况能使气体燃料与空气混合,达到可燃浓度,此时若有点火源存在,就可能酿成燃烧、爆炸灾害,造成严重的财产损失和人员伤亡.选取甲烷作为研究对象,选用空气作为氧化性气体,对其进行数值模拟.获得了不同时刻爆燃的压力场、温度场、密度场的变化数据,为工程上防爆、抑爆、泄爆提供了理论基础和数据.     

微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化影响的研究

以秸秆为研究对象,比较不同的微波强度预处理作用下对秸秆厌氧消化产气特性的影响,研究日产气量、pH值、甲烷气体浓度及生物降解率4个参数的变化趋势,结果表明:微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化有明显效果,平均日产气量由未被预处理的6.21 mL/g VS上升到 8.16 mL/g VS,上升了31.33%,达到最大日产气量时间由原来的第12 d,提前至第2～第7 d不等,最大日产气量由原来的23.43 mL/g VS上升到43.49 mL/g VS;在360～900 W范围内,微波强度越大,反应的pH值下降越快,秸秆厌氧消化最大日产气量越提前;经过微波预处理的甲烷浓度平均浓度由原来的50%提高至62%左右,其生物能范围也由未处理前的17.58 MJ/m³提高至23.46 MJ/m³,物降解率由未预处理的44.12%,提高至71.55%。     

沼气的减排效果和农户采纳行为影响因素分析

文章采用计量分析的方法,基于统计报表,对沼气减排效果进行分析。结果表明:2000年至2009年农村年平均沼气消费相当于替代标准煤的煤炭消费602.20万t,折算成煤炭,则相当于替代了843.423 8万t的煤炭消费量。以2009年为例,按照10美元/tCO2来计算,中国农村沼气替代煤炭减排CO2带来的收益为0.43亿美元。据估计,到2015年,我国农村户用沼气将达到233亿m3左右,加上规模化养殖场、养殖小区年产沼气6.7亿m3,共计239.7亿m3,相当于替代1 711.46万t标准煤,核计收益1.71亿美元。文章通过在我国沼气典型省份湖南省的160户农户调查问卷,建模分析包括农户基本情况、生产状况、心理认知、经济状况方面的20个变量对农户的沼气采纳行为的影响。结果表明,农户性别、年龄、是否参加协会、环境保护意识、是否有外来资金支持等因素对农户沼气采纳行为起到或正或负的影响。文章从减排的角度论证了进一步推进农村沼气建设的重要性,从农户行为影响因素的角度论证了推进农村沼气建设是一个复杂的系统工程,需要宣传、培训、服务、技术、协会、资金等方面的配套跟进。     

Acquisition feasibility and methane fermentation effectiveness of biomass of microalgae occurring in eutrophicated aquifers on the example of the Vistula Lagoon

This study was aimed at establishing the feasibility of microalgae biomass acquisition from waters of the Vistula Lagoon with the use of an installation operating in the fractional–technical scale, and at determining the effectiveness of biogas production from the acquired substrate. Depending on the technological solution of the concentration process, the degree of aquatic biomass hydration ranged from 99.6 to 97.90%. The quantity of biogas produced during methane fermentation fitted within the range of 243.9 to 395.2 dm³/kg d.m.. The values achieved were found to depend directly on the concentration of organic matter in the acquired water biomass and on system’s loading with a feedstock of organic compounds. The content of methane in a gaseous mixture ranged from 41.4 to 61.9%. The biomass produced was predominated by taxa belonging to Cyanoprokaryota, Bacillarophyceae, and Chlorophyta.