Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction: Consortium characteristics and application in co-removal of H2S and methane

Anaerobic sludge from a sewage treatment plant was used to acclimatize microbial colonies capable of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction. Clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate the microbial population. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (e.g., Desulfotomaculum arcticum and Desulfobulbus propionicus) and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) (e.g., Methanosaeta sp. and Methanolinea sp.) coexisted in the enrichment. The archaeal and bacterial cells were randomly or evenly distributed throughout the consortia. Accompanied by sulfate reduction, methane was oxidized anaerobically by the consortia of methane-oxidizing archaea and SRB. Moreover, CH₄ and SO₄^2 ? were consumed by methanotrophs and sulfate reducers with CO₂ and H₂S as products. The H₃CSH produced by methanotrophy was an intermediate product during the process. The methanotrophic enrichment was inoculated in a down-flow biofilter for the treatment of methane and H₂S from a landfill site. On average, 93.33% of H₂S and 10.71% of methane was successfully reduced in the biofilter. This study tries to provide effective method for the synergistic treatment of waste gas containing sulfur compounds and CH₄.     

腐殖酸含量对污泥厌氧发酵过程产CH4效率的影响

污泥中含有的HA（腐殖酸）会对厌氧发酵过程产生影响.为探究ρ（HA）对厌氧发酵产CH₄效率的影响规律,开展了ρ（HA）为0、200、300和400 mg/L（依次记为T0、T1、T2、T3处理）的中温厌氧发酵模拟试验,检测和分析了φ（CH₄）、累计CH₄产量与产生动力学特征,以及ρ（HA）与累计CH₄产量之间的相关性.结果表明:各处理发酵过程的pH在6.9~7.9之间变化,并且HA对pH变化具有减缓作用;T1处理的φ（CH₄）峰值为66.7%,高于T0处理的61.5%,但随着ρ（HA）的进一步增加,φ（CH₄）峰值逐渐下降为62.0%（T2处理）和60.0%（T3处理）;采用修正Gompertz方程对累计CH₄产量的拟合结果表明,HA对厌氧发酵的产CH₄潜能呈抑制作用,且随ρ（HA）的增加,该抑制作用更加明显,T0、T1、T2和T3处理的最大累计CH₄产量分别为441.1、432.1、397.1和253.5 mL;相关性分析结果显示,ρ（HA）与累计CH₄产量呈负相关,随着ρ（HA）的增加,累计CH₄产量逐渐降低.研究显示,HA对污泥厌氧发酵产CH₄过程呈抑制作用,ρ（HA）较低时可提高沼气中的φ（CH₄）峰值.      

零价铁和微波预处理组合强化污泥厌氧消化

以中温(100℃)常压的微波预处理结合零价铁投加为对象,考察了低投加量5. 19～41. 51 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)、高投加量83. 35～853. 46 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)下的零价铁对微波预处理污泥厌氧消化的进一步强化作用.结果表明,微波预处理与零价铁组合可使污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜势提升17%～23%.零价铁对微波预处理后污泥厌氧消化具有一定的促进作用,且提升了厌氧消化初期(1～4 d)产甲烷速率,零价铁投加量为31. 13 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)时,产甲烷潜势提升了7. 42%,反应第2 d的产甲烷速率提高了11. 02%.高投加量的零价铁并未表现出更好的强化效果.零价铁促进了厌氧消化初期溶解性有机物的释放,投加量为31. 13 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)时,溶解性蛋白质较单独预处理组提高21. 16%,并且零价铁投加加快了乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸的消耗.零价铁的投加,导致上清液中的磷酸根和硫酸根浓度降低,相应地,上清液中铁元素的浓度反而下降,说明零价铁的形态转化后,易与磷酸盐、硫反应形成沉淀,这可能是铁投加作用效果不明显的重要原因.     

甲烷/空气混合气燃爆特性的实验研究

对不同初始压力和温度条件下的甲烷/空气混合气的爆炸极限进行实验研究,利用最大-最小准则来确定爆炸极限.分析了温度和压力对甲烷/空气混合气燃爆特性的影响.采用氮气作为惰性气体,对其防爆抑爆效果进行了实验研究.     

垃圾中甲烷产率计算及全国垃圾甲烷气资源估算

本文比较分析了几种常用的有关垃圾场甲烷气产率计算方法,并详细计算了甲烷的产率及累计产量,在此基础上用一个比较实际的垃圾填埋场计算垃圾填埋过程中甲烷气的产率情况及累计产量,为垃圾填埋场的沼气发电提供了可靠的资料。并用此方法计算了全国各省份垃圾的甲烷排放量,并大致计算了全国的垃圾中甲烷资源的潜力。     

东北三江平原土壤氧化CH4研究

三江平原土壤不同深度氧化大气浓度CH4和高浓度CH4的速率具有明显的垂直差异 .2个非淹水土壤整个剖面都具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 ,以表层土的速率为最大 .非淹水的耕作土壤残留的有机质层仍保留了较强的氧化大气浓度CH4潜力 ,氧化CH4速率是耕作层的 2 0倍 .淹水土壤的大部分层次不具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 .所有供试土壤均能消耗高浓度CH4,泥炭含量较高的土壤层次比矿质层氧化高浓度CH4的速率高     

Mitigation Options for Enteric Methane Emissions from Dairy Animals: An Evaluation for Potential CDM Projects in India

Enteric fermentation in livestock is an important source of anthropogenic methane emission. India, with its large livestock population, is estimated to contribute 10.8 Tg of methane annually from this source. An evaluation of various methane mitigation options indicate that some of the available technologies like, diet supplementation with feed additive and molasses urea product are highly cost effective in reducing enteric methane emissions. The gross cost of methane abatement from use of feed additive monensin premix ranges from €0.6 to €1.8/ton CO₂ equivalent, for buffaloes and indigenous cows, respectively. The gross cost of enteric methane mitigation from supplementing molasses urea products and dietary manipulation through increased concentrate feeding is much higher. But, as the monetary value of the increased milk production on application of these technologies was higher than the annual cost of reduction strategy for buffaloes and crossbred cows, the net costs of the former mitigation option was negative for buffaloes (€-28.1/ton CO₂) and of the latter for crossbred cows (€-7.0/ton CO₂,). The availability of cost-effective technologies suggest that the methane mitigation projects under CDM, can be planned in the Indian dairy sector to the mutual benefit of countries with emission targets and India. The vast dairy animal population of India and resulting methane emissions provide good opportunity these countries to buy reasonable quantum of emission credits from projects in India. Such projects will work to the benefit to India by providing a tool for technology transfer to increase animal productivity and attract capital that assists in more prosperous and environmental friendly milk production in the country.     

面向21世纪的洁净新能源（煤层气）技术展望

煤层气是在煤形成过程中生成并赋于煤层中的一种高热值洁净天然气，作为中国21世纪内的战略性新能源，其开发利用的前景极为广阔。本文综述了国内外煤层气资源的储量、开发利用技术的现状及其发展趋势，并结合我国煤层气资源特点提出进一步发展煤层气开发利用技术的建议。     

Reduction of Methane Released from Palm Oil Mill Lagoon in Malaysia and Its Countermeasures

Palm oil industry in Malaysia is one of the potential candidates for the CDM project because large amount of methane is emitted from the lagoons and open digesting tank of the wastewater treatment system. Therefore the first objective of the project is to investigate the actual GHG emission from the lagoons and open digesting tank in palm oil mills in order to establish the baseline for CDM project. Results indicated that methane contribution to biogas released from the open digesting tank and lagoon systems were 35% and 45%, respectively. These values are much lower than the reported value of 65% obtained by complete anaerobic condition of lab-scale experiments. Based on actual methane release measurement and information gathered from palm oil mill about wastewater treatment, significant amount of methane emission to the atmosphere can be reduced with the installation of new closed digesting tank system converted from the open digesting tank such as just by covering it with applying CDM. It is estimated that a total of RM2.6 million could be obtained from the selling of electricity generated from biogas generation and Certified Emission Reduction(CER). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Process design of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production using wood gasification

The process design of a 10–20 MW_th Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production process from wood has been performed. Combining process modelling and process integration techniques, this study proceeds via the following stages:

• thermodynamic modelling: mass, energy balances and simulation of the wood gasification, the methanation and the purification units;

• process integration that identifies the energy saving opportunities and prepares a thermo-economic optimization.

This work demonstrates that the process can transform wood into pipeline quality methane with a thermal efficiency of 57.9% based on the Lower Heating Value (LHV). The process integration study shows that the heat surplus of the process can be used to almost satisfy the mechanical work required by the process; only 7% of the mechanical needs should come from an external source.