利用回归方程对沼气发生量的预测

示了沼气发生量与污水二级处理量和污泥沉淀量存在有显著的线性关系，关建立了相应的二元线性回归方程，同时利用标准回归系数判定污泥沉淀量是影响沼气发生量的主要因素。     

Process design of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production using wood gasification

The process design of a 10–20 MW_th Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production process from wood has been performed. Combining process modelling and process integration techniques, this study proceeds via the following stages:

• thermodynamic modelling: mass, energy balances and simulation of the wood gasification, the methanation and the purification units;

• process integration that identifies the energy saving opportunities and prepares a thermo-economic optimization.

This work demonstrates that the process can transform wood into pipeline quality methane with a thermal efficiency of 57.9% based on the Lower Heating Value (LHV). The process integration study shows that the heat surplus of the process can be used to almost satisfy the mechanical work required by the process; only 7% of the mechanical needs should come from an external source.     

典型炼化企业温室气体甲烷排放特征

温室气体排放是造成全球变暖和气候恶化的重要根源.甲烷是仅次于二氧化碳的温室气体组分.石油加工过程是潜在的甲烷排放源.本文以我国广西某炼化企业为样本,通过现场采样和离线分析的方法,识别出炼化企业潜在的甲烷排放源,核算了不同排放源的甲烷排放量,分析了炼化企业的甲烷排放特征.研究表明,甲烷是炼化企业排放废气中的重要成分;烟气、污水收集和处理系统、储罐和油品装卸过程等均是重要的甲烷排放源项,其中烟气和储罐对甲烷排放总量贡献占比超过70%;不同源项甲烷排放特征各异,油品装载过程产生废气甲烷浓度最高;污水处理过程废气的甲烷浓度主要受常减压装置污水影响;该炼化企业每万吨原油对应的甲烷排放速率估算值为72.6 kg.     

基于针铁矿强化乙酸产甲烷过程的ADM1模型修正与模拟研究

为探究针铁矿对乙酸产甲烷途径的调控作用,利用ADM1模型（厌氧消化1号模型）对添加针铁矿的产甲烷过程进行模拟研究.首先引入氧化还原介质作为新变量,模拟SAO（syntrophic acetate oxidation,互营乙酸氧化）过程中的种间电子转移,进而建立包含DIET（direct interspecies electron transfer,直接种间电子传递）产甲烷过程的ADM1修正模型,最后利用该模型对各产甲烷途径的贡献进行评价.结果表明:①c（乙酸）分别为12和20 mmol/L时,添加40~2 000 mg/L针铁矿明显提高了乙酸体系的产甲烷速率.②修正的ADM1模型能够有效地模拟针铁矿强化乙酸产甲烷过程.③12、20 mmol/L乙酸体系的敏感性参数km_Xst（最大比乙酸氧化速率）校准值分别从1.02、1.46升至1.76、2.03,km_DIET（最大比电子消耗速率）校准值分别从0.78、1.48升至2.44、3.99,表明添加针铁矿提高了互营体系的种间电子传递速率.修正的ADM1模型对各产甲烷途径贡献的计算结果显示,针铁矿对DIET过程的强化作用与其添加量呈正相关,添加2 000 mg/L针铁矿试验组[c（乙酸）为12 mmol/L]中DIET和SAO产甲烷的贡献率相比对照组分别提升了117.99%和130.73%.研究显示,修正的ADM1模型能够有效地模拟针铁矿对乙酸产甲烷过程的强化作用,并且能用于评价各产甲烷途径的贡献.      

多元混合物料协同促进厌氧消化产甲烷性能试验研究

为评估农牧废弃物多元物料混合厌氧发酵对产甲烷性能的协同促进作用,研究了中温（37±1）℃和固体质量分数为12%时,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆混合原料的厌氧消化产甲烷性能,最后应用修正的Gompertz方程分析甲烷生产的动力学过程.结果表明：3种物料混合厌氧发酵发生了明显的协同促进作用,协同效应作用值为34.85%~70.39%,贡献效果显著（P<0.05）;当牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS混合比例为50：20：30时,甲烷产率、累计甲烷产量和VS降解率达到最大值,分别为286.0mL/g VS、20713mL和65.6%,比单一牛粪、蔬菜废弃物以及玉米秸秆厌氧消化甲烷产量分别提高了32.9%、229.9%和82.0%.修正的Gompertz方程能较好反映物料厌氧消化产甲烷过程,拟合结果的R²均大于0.99,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS比例为50：20：30时具有最大产甲烷速率17.34mL/（d×g）和较短的迟滞时间2.97d.该研究结果可为农牧废弃物多元混合物料厌氧消化产沼气工程提供参考.     

气溶胶水相反应生成二次有机气溶胶研究进展

液态水(云滴、雾滴和气溶胶水)在大气中无处不在,为大气水相化学反应提供了重要的场所.气态前体物(主要是VOCs)或它的气相初级氧化产物(包括中/半挥发性有机物,I/SVOCs)在大气凝聚相(水相)中发生反应,形成低挥发性高氧化性有机物(如有机硫和有机氮等),水分蒸发后留在颗粒相,即为水相二次有机气溶胶(aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol,aq SOA).因其对OA具有重要的贡献和显著的环境、气候和人体健康影响,近年来成为大气化学研究的热点.尽管aq SOA的研究已取得了一些进展,但由于aq SOA形成机制复杂,对aq SOA的认知还比较匮乏.本文重点关注气溶胶水中反应生成的二次有机气溶胶(aqueous aerosol SOA,aa SOA)相关的研究进展,包括气态前体物、形成机制、实验室模拟、外场观测及有关aa SOA产率及贡献的相关研究成果.同时,对aa SOA的来源、生成机制等研究的发展方向进行了展望,包括:未知aa SOA前体物及示踪物鉴别、有机光敏剂诱发的自由基化学、有机硫和有机氮的形成机制、实际气溶胶水溶性组分和外场观测研究、模式模型研究等.     

长江中溶存甲烷的分布与释放

2008年1月和9月对长江的中、下游和长江口进行了调查,2007年9月～2008年8月每月在长江徐六泾进行了调查,用吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定了长江各站位水体中甲烷的浓度并用Wanninkhof公式估算向大气的甲烷释放通量.结果表明,2008年1月长江中、下游表层水中甲烷平均浓度为(330.8±186.9)nmol·L-...     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

海洋沉积物甲烷厌氧氧化及其影响因子研究进展

海洋沉积物CH4厌氧氧化是当前生物地球化学循环研究的热点和焦点,为了进一步加深学者们对CH4厌氧氧化的理解,本文以海洋沉积环境为例,综述了CH4厌氧氧化过程及其影响因子的最新研究进展,在系统介绍CH4厌氧氧化过程的基础上,重点对CH4厌氧氧化的机制以及微生物、底物和温度等对CH4厌氧氧化的调控作用进行了阐述,并展望了C...     

Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO₂ requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO₂ is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO₂ hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO₂ loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO₂ in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.