Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Characterization of produced waters (PWs) is an initial step for determining potential beneficial uses such as irrigation and surface water discharge at some sites. A meta-analysis of characteristics of five PW sources [i.e. shale gas (SGPWs), conventional natural gas (NGPWs), conventional oil (OPWs), coal-bed methane (CBMPWs), tight gas sands (TGSPWs)] was conducted from peer-reviewed literature, government or industry documents, book chapters, internet sources, analytical records from industry, and analyses of PW samples. This meta-analysis assembled a large dataset to extract information of interest such as differences and similarities in constituent and constituent concentrations across these sources of PWs. The PW data analyzed were comprised of 377 coal-bed methane, 165 oilfield, 137 tight gas sand, 4000 natural gas, and 541 shale gas records. Majority of SGPWs, NGPWs, OPWs, and TGSPWs contain chloride concentrations ranging from saline (>30 000 mg L⁻¹) to hypersaline (>40 000 mg L⁻¹), while most CBMPWs were fresh (<5000 mg L⁻¹). For inorganic constituents, most SGPW and NGPW iron concentrations exceeded the numeric criterion for irrigation and surface water discharge, while OPW and CBMPW iron concentrations were less than the criterion. Approximately one-fourth of the PW samples in this database are fresh and likely need minimal treatment for metal and metalloid constituents prior to use, while some PWs are brackish (5000-30 000 mg Cl⁻ L⁻¹) to saline containing metals and metalloids that may require considerable treatment. Other PWs are hypersaline and produce a considerable waste stream from reverse osmosis; remediation of these waters may not be feasible. After renovation, fresh to saline PWs may be used for irrigation and replenishing surface waters.     

万头猪场沼气发电工程热平衡影响因素研究

在分析万头猪场沼气发电工程热平衡及其影响因素基础上,详细阐述了系统热量收支衡算方法。通过算例表明,对于万头猪场的沼气发电工程而言,物料提温占厌氧发酵系统总热量需求的80％～88％,是厌氧消化系统热量需求的主要因素,其次是消化器的热损,占10％～17％,在发电余热回收量不低于沼气总能量40％的情况下,高寒地区的进料浓度应不低于6％,干猪粪进料量应不低于1000kg／d。     

Invasive species and coal bed methane development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

One of the fastest growing areas of natural gas production is coal bed methane (CBM) due to the large monetary returns and increased demand for energy from consumers. The Powder River Basin, Wyoming is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of CBM development with projections of the establishment of up to 50,000 wells. CBM disturbances may make the native ecosystem more susceptible to invasion by non-native species, but there are few studies that have been conducted on the environmental impacts of this type of resource extraction. To evaluate the potential effects of CBM development on native plant species distribution and patterns of non-native plant invasion, 36 modified Forest Inventory and Analysis plots (each comprised of four 168-m² subplots) were established in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. There were 73 168-m² subplots on control sites; 42 subplots on secondary disturbances; 14 on major surface disturbances; eight on well pads; and seven on sites downslope of CBM wells water discharge points. Native plant species cover ranged from 39.5 ± 2.7% (mean ± 1 SE) in the secondary disturbance subplots to 17.7 ± 7.5% in the pad subplots. Non-native plant species cover ranged from 31.0 ± 8.4% in the discharge areas to 14.7 ± 8.9% in the pad subplots. The control subplots had significantly less non-native species richness than the combined disturbance types. The combined disturbance subplots had significantly greater soil salinity than the control sites. These results suggest that CBM development and associated disturbances may facilitate the establishment of non-native plants. Future research and management decisions should consider the accumulative landscape-scale effects of CBM development on preserving native plant diversity.     

Methane Production in River and Lake Sediments in Taiwan

To investigate the relationship between methane production in the sediments and pollution of the river and lake, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water sample, organic matter content and methane production of the sediment were measured. Experimental results indicated that BOD, COD and organic matter contents were low in Bei-tan Lake, the I-lan River and reservoirs; and methane production of these sediments ranged from 0.24 to 1.06 mg L- 1. However, BOD, COD and organic matter contents were high in the Hsin-dan River, Keelung River, drainage river of Taoyuan County, park pond and fishery pond. Methane production of these sediments was between 11.75 and 54.54 mg L-1. Sediments of drain river and fishery pond had high methane production, at 25.41 to 54.54 mg methane L. Methane production of sediments had a good correlation with BOD, COD and organic matter contents. Methane production was proportional to the increment in incubation temperature from 12 to 40C.     

北京低山区森林土壤中CH4排放通量的研究

CH4是大气中一种重要的温室气体,与土壤圈有着频繁的交换过程。用静态箱式技术原位测定了北京西山低山区油松人工林地土壤中CH4的排放通量,结果显示北京西山森林土壤为大气CH4重要的汇。年平均吸收值为20.47 g(m-2(h-1,变动范围0～44.8 g(m-2(h-1。 吸收值有一定的季节变化规律, 冬季的吸收值最小,几乎为0,春秋季较高,夏季最高。影响吸收的外界环境因素主要有地表下5 cm处的土壤温度。原状土壤氧化CH4的模拟实验表明吸收过程为纯生物化学过程,吸收作用主要发生在0～5 cm的矿质土层,而枯落物层和20 cm以下的层次基本无吸收反应。CH4的氧化速率在开始的12 h内可用一级反应动力学方程 C =C 0e-kt很好地模拟 。     

专用叶面营养对叶菜的增产效果及其机理研究

采用大田试验研究专用叶面营养液对主要叶菜的增产效果;并以芥菜为供试叶菜系统研究了专用叶面营养液对叶菜的增产机理。结果表明;专用叶面营养液可明显促进芥菜对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分的吸收,提高叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量及光合速率,增加产量和改善品质。专用叶面营养液分别优于这种营养液中的营养物质和生长调节剂。芥菜喷施专用叶面营养液,与对照相比,叶绿素含量、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性分别增加２０．２％、３６％、１．２０１μｇ／（ｇ·ｈ）;平均增产２４．６％;Ｖｃ、可溶性糖分别增加８７ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１．７ｇ／ｋｇ。     

北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷排放的研究

观测不同农业管理条件下,北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷的排放通量。以当地农民所惯用的管理方式为代表,排放通量为８．７ｍｇ／（Ｍ＾２．ｈ）。甲烷排放有季节性变化,以分蘖期和扬花期为峰值,土壤氧化还原电位的变化与甲烷排放有很好的相关性,施用过量的有机肥会增加排放,采用科学的间歇灌溉方式可以增产并降低甲烷的排放旱直播技术虽可大大降低甲烷和但影响水稻产量,有待进一步的研究。     

Ru/Al2O3催化剂对CO2加氢转化的研究

给出了在Ｒｕ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上采用不同的反应条件对ＣＯ２转化率及ＣＨ４生成率的影响。反应温度低于３５０℃时,ＣＯ２的转化率大于９５％,ＣＨ４的生成率约为４５－７９％。空速的改变对ＣＯ２的转化率及水的生成率无显著影响,即空速在５０００－１０００ｈ＾－１内波动不大。但对ＣＨ４的生成率影响明显,在７０００－９０００ｈ＾－１间有一波谷;ＣＯ的生成量在５０００－９０００ｈ＾－４变化不大,在１０００ｈ＾－１     

两阶段ASBR处理厨房垃圾的实验研究

应用两阶段ASBR技术对厨房垃圾进行实验室规模的处理研究。结果表明:总COD的去除率为77 6%,而总TS的去除率为72 21%,系统的产CH4率以TS和容积负荷计分别为212mL g和0 67L (L·d)。同时,研究发现适宜的pH值水解相为4～5,甲烷相为7～8;适宜的HRT水解相为5d,甲烷相为13 3d;适宜的固体浓度水解相TS为8%,甲烷相TS为7%;适宜的负荷(以TS计)水解相为16g (L·d),甲烷相为5 23g (L·d)。      

三亚河水体中甲烷和氧化亚氮的分布、释放及影响因素研究

甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)是大气中重要的温室气体,对全球变暖和大气化学有重要作用。受人为活动影响较大的河流、河口是大气中CH₄和N₂O的重要源。于2019年春季、2020年秋季台风前后沿三亚河从下游到上游采集了11个站位的样品,测定三亚河水体中CH₄、N₂O浓度及相关参数,并估算了水-气界面释放通量。结果表明：春季、秋季以及台风后CH₄平均浓度分别为(15.92±23.04)、(364.43±265.41)、(666.02±502.60) nmol/L,N₂O平均浓度分别为(24.37±19.88)、(8.47±5.19)、(47.48±33.47) nmol/L,台风后大于台风前。水体中CH₄、N₂O主要受溶解氧(DO)和降雨影响,下游河段主要受潮汐作用影响。现场产生和沉积物释放是水体中CH₄的主要源,硝化作用是水体中N₂