南京地区典型霾天气个例特征的比较分析

利用2011年南京大学城市大气环境观测站气象因子及污染物浓度资料、58238站点气象探空资料及NCEP再分析资料、CALIPSO卫星资料,比较分析了南京地区4类典型霾天气(烟花爆竹、沙尘、秸秆燃烧及不利气象条件污染)的污染特征.结果表明:烟花爆竹个例污染物排放集中,以细颗粒物为主,除夕和初五的PM2.5小时浓度分别达到0.46 mg·m-3和0.34 mg·m-3,受逆温层影响,能见度持续降低,最低达到1.16 km;受北方沙尘暴南下影响,沙尘个例以粗颗粒为主要污染物,PM10小时最高浓度为0.78 mg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10平均值为0.39,粒子形状不规则,体积偏退比为0.17;秸秆燃烧个例为重霾污染,能见度最低值为0.97 km,后向散射系数为0.0039 km-1獉sr-1,PM10和PM2.5最高小时浓度达到0.80 mg·m-3和0.49 mg·m-3,颗粒物主要来自南京东南地区秸秆的集中燃烧;不利气象条件导致的污染过程在冬季比较常见,下沉气流活跃,出现双层逆温,近地面静小风造成污染物积累,PM2.5与能见度的相关系数达到0.86,细颗粒物为主要污染物.可见,南京市霾天气可分为两类,分别是由不利气象条件导致的累积性污染和由高强度排放源造成的暴发性污染,具有不同的气象和污染特征.     

大叶女贞叶面结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响

为分析叶面微结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响,以分布较广的常绿植物——大叶女贞为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪(湿法)测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察叶面微结构;并用图像处理软件(图像法)分析叶面颗粒物的粒径特征,探讨不同测定方法对叶面颗粒物粒径分布的可能影响.结果表明,大叶女贞叶面滞留颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,湿法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～ 52.6μm,粒径峰值为18.9 μm、36.2 μm,粒径均值为8.8 μm;图像法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～27.8 μm,粒径峰值为17.5μm、27.8μm,粒径均值为7.2μm.叶表面分布有大量的突起和凹陷,凹陷直径介于0.6～ 30 μm,直径小于2.5μm和10 μm的凹陷约占到总量的50％和80％.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)主要滞留在叶表的凹陷结构中,有少量粒径大于10 μm的颗粒物滞留在突起之上.PM2.5和PM10的体积分数仅占滞尘总量的17.9％和50.4％(湿法)、16.8％和45.9％(图像法),但数量多于大粒径颗粒物,这与小粒径的颗粒在个数上占优势、但大粒径的颗粒则对叶面滞留颗粒物的质量(或体积)贡献较大有关.叶背面颗粒物附着密度较正面小,PM2.5等颗粒物多分布在气孔周围,有少量颗粒物沉积在气孔上,从而堵塞气孔.     

新型风幕控尘除尘机除尘系统数值模拟

针对以往风幕存在不能全断面封闭掘进工作面的问题,设计了一种240°弧形风幕控尘除尘机除尘系统,利用流体力学计算软件Fluent对此系统的风幕宽度、除尘机压力、风幕与吸尘口距离和除尘效果进行了模拟.结果表明:当局扇提供的风量为280 m3/min,风幕宽度为50mm时,抗扩散能力较弱,风幕宽度为100 mm时,风幕风速分布较均匀,抗扩散能力较强,风幕宽度选取150 mm时,末速度达不到阻尘的作用;在风幕宽度为100 mm、风幕距除尘机吸尘口2.4 m的条件下,除尘机压力为-400 Pa和-500 Pa时,不利于粉尘的排出,除尘机压力为-250 Pa和-350 Pa时除尘效果较好;在风幕宽度为100nn、除尘机压力为-350 Pa的条件下,风幕距除尘机吸尘口距离小于2.0m时,不利于粉尘的排出,间距大于2.4m时除尘效果良好;当风幕宽度为100 mm、风幕与吸尘口间距2.4m时,除尘机压力-350 Pa比-250 Pa更有利于粉尘的排出.研究表明,240°弧形风幕控尘除尘机除尘系统在合理的工况参数下除尘效果更好.     

春季沙尘过程对华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的影响

于2014年3—5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集了PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行分析,并同步收集气象因子及污染物质量浓度数据,结合后向气流轨迹,分离出受沙尘影响的样品,探讨了春季沙尘过程华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点沙尘影响期间颗粒物质量浓度及各水溶性离子浓度均比非沙尘期高,在粗粒子中表现更为明显;沙尘期间NO-3在粗粒子中明显富集,NO-3浓度显著升高;受沙尘影响,粗粒子中阳离子与阴离子的当量浓度比及NO2的二次转化率均明显升高.     

宝鸡市街道尘埃磁学特征空间分布及环境意义

对宝鸡市街道尘埃样品进行详细系统环境磁学实验分析并结合扫描电子显微镜研究表明,宝鸡市街道尘埃中磁性矿物含量高,主要的磁性矿物为多畴和假单畴的低矫顽力亚铁磁性矿物,同时含有少量的赤铁矿等高矫顽力的硬磁性矿物.污染来源主要以工业和交通等人为污染为主.街道尘埃的磁学特征表现出一定的空间变化规律揭示出污染的空间分布,划分为6个主要区域:A(创新路到高新八路区域)和B(东风路和马营路区域),磁性物质含量整体很高,揭示污染相对较重,污染源主要为"工业+交通";C区(火炬路到医康区域)磁性物质含量相对较高,是中度污染的区域,污染源主要为"交通";D(经二路与人民路区域)、E(清姜路和姜谭路西部区域)和F(陈仓区虢镇),磁性物质含量相对较低,揭示轻度污染,污染源主要为"交通".     

金华市街道灰尘磁化率时空变化研究

对不同时空条件下的金华市二环以内的街道灰尘样品的磁化率进行了研究.结果表明,金华市街道灰尘磁化率均值349.67×10-8 m3/kg,冬、春、夏各个季节的平均值:322.55×10-8 m3/kg、358.16×10-8 m3/kg和368.31×10-8 m3/kg,指示了其均具有磁性增强效应,且其值相近;春、夏两个季节街道灰尘磁化率的高值区分布结构相似,模型参数分析表明,区域因素为影响其值的主因;街道灰尘磁化率高值区与城区工业区大体吻合分布,工业区是主要的区域因素。     

Heterogeneous uptake of nitrogen dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

Mineral dust is one of the major aerosols in the atmosphere. To assess its impact on trace atmospheric gases, in this work we present a laboratory study of the effect of temperature on the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on the surface of ambient Chinese dust over the temperature range from 258 to 313 K. The results suggest that nitrogen dioxide could mainly be adsorbed on these types of Chinese mineral dust reversibly with little temperature dependence. Similar to a previous study on NO₂ uptake on mineral aerosols, the uptake coefficients are mainly on the order of 10^− 6 for the Chinese dust, when BET areas are taken into account. HONO was observed as a product, and its formation and decomposition on Chinese mineral dust during the uptake processes were also studied. The complete dataset from this study was compiled with previous literature determinations. Atmospheric implications of the heterogeneous reaction between NO₂ and mineral dust are also discussed, in an effort to understand this important heterogeneous process.     

工业烟尘废气中PM2.5的除尘技术概述

本文通过对不同的常规除尘设备的工作原理以及除尘性能进行研究,重点分析了电袋式混合除尘器、静电旋风式混合除尘器以及湿式电除尘器三种混合除尘器的技术特点,指出混合除尘器和凝并器能有效提高除尘器去除PM2.5的效率,对工业发展和保护大气环境具有重要意义.     

2011年春季沙尘天气影响下上海大气颗粒物及其化学组分的变化特征

于2011年4月28日~5月18日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度及细粒子中的化学组分进行了连续观测,获得了上海受春季沙尘天气影响下大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要化学组分特征.结果表明,沙尘天气中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度显著高于非沙尘天,最高日均浓度分别达到787.2μg·m-3和139.5μg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10的均值为(32.9±14.6)%(15.6%~85.1%);总水溶性无机离子(TWSⅡ)占PM2.5的质量分数为(27.2±19.2)%(4.8%~80.8%),二次组分SNA(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)占TWSⅡ的(76.9±13.9)%(41.9%~94.2%),TWSⅡ和SNA对PM2.5的贡献均小于非沙尘天,而Ca2+的含量比却有明显上升.非沙尘天测得的OC/EC值高于强沙尘天,但低于弱沙尘天.此外分析还得到,沙尘中的高矿尘粒子具有酸性缓冲作用,使得沙尘天颗粒的碱性强于沙尘发生前.非沙尘天SO2-4、NO-3主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,沙尘天还会与其他矿物离子结合.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.