武汉市主要绿化树种滞尘效应研究

本实验对武汉市城区主干道主要绿化树种的滞尘效应与叶表面结构进行了研究。结果表明：（1）同一尘源条件下,不同树种的滞尘能力差异显著。乔木中悬铃木滞尘能力较高,可达6.9345 g/m²;小乔木中紫薇和紫叶李是滞尘能力较高的树种,滞尘能力分别为1.9543 g/m²和1.8790 g/m²;灌木中红花檵木和杜鹃等有较强的滞尘能力,分别可达4.0373 g/m²和3.8875 g/m²;（2）利用扫描电镜观察叶表面结构发现：叶表具毛被、褶皱、较深的不规则网格等特征的树种滞尘能力较高,叶表平滑或叶表网格结构规则且较浅时滞尘能力较低;（3）同一树种在不同的尘源条件下滞尘能力差异显著,空气中颗粒物浓度越高,滞尘能力也越大。以车流量近似模拟尘源条件表明,滞尘能力与车流量呈正相关。     

内蒙古沙尘气溶胶浓度及其输送特性——朱日和春季情形的个例研究

利用WPS宽范围粒径谱仪对朱日和春季0.01～10μm的沙尘气溶胶观测资料,以及20m梯度塔气象要素资料,对沙尘天气日和非沙尘天气日的气溶胶浓度、谱分布以及输送特性进行了个例研究.结果表明:沙尘气溶胶浓度有明显的日变化特征,不同粒径段粒子的变化特征有所不同;沙尘气溶胶浓度在沙尘天气和非沙尘天气存在较大差别,粒径越大,这种差别越明显;气象要素对沙尘气溶胶浓度的分布有较大的影响,风速、气温、相对湿度与不同粒径段粒子的相关性不同;沙尘暴过程对不同粒径段粒子的输送特性不同,不同粒径段对应的输送距离和输送量有较大差别.     

拉萨市环境空气质量与气象特征分析

分析了拉萨市环境空气质量及其拉萨市的地理位置、地形地貌和气候特征的关系。研究结果表明 ,自然沙尘是拉萨市环境空气质量的主要自然源。月降尘量与降水、大风等有明显的相关关系。加快拉萨地区生态环境建设 ,增加植被覆盖率 ,减少沙源是改善拉萨市环境空气质量的关键     

Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system

This study employed the Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to investigate nitrate contamination of groundwater by agrochemical fertilizers in the Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Thematic information and chemical data of groundwater from the Heights were analyzed in a GIS environment to study the extent and variation of nitrate contamination and to establish spatial relationships with responsible land use types. The high and correlated concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-) reflected the polluted nature of the unconfined highly permeable Kakamigahara aquifer. Ninety percent of the water samples showed nitrate concentrations above the human affected value (3 mg/l NO(3)(-)), while more than 30% have exceeded the maximum acceptable level (44 mg/l NO(3)(-)) according to Japan regulations. The spatial analyses indicated that groundwater contamination by nitrate is closely associated with one specific land use class, the "vegetable fields". The nitrate concentration of groundwater under vegetable fields was significantly higher than that under urban land or paddy fields. Most of the unacceptable nitrate levels were encountered in boreholes assigned to "vegetable fields" but a few were also found in boreholes allotted to "urban" class. Therefore, the vegetable fields were considered the principal source of nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Kakamigahara. However, contamination from urban sources is also possible.     

不同粒度铝粉在水平管道内的爆炸压力测定

利用自制的水平管道式气体-粉尘爆炸试验装置对不同粒度铝粉的爆炸压力进行测试。结果表明,爆炸压力及爆炸压力上升速率都随着铝粉粒度的减小而增大,粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm铝粉的平均最大爆炸压力分别为0.63 MPa,0.56 MPa,0.45 MPa,爆炸压力上升速率分别为47.2MPa/s,38.1MPa/s,30.2MPa/s。铝粉粒度越小,在相同时刻铝粉参与反应的时间越提前。在水平管道内,测试结果受点火延迟时间及测试装置尺寸的影响较大。     

Elemental Contamination of Rainwater by Airborne Dust in Tamale Township Area of the Northern Region of Ghana

Rainwater samples were collected from Tamale town in the 1997 and 1998 rainy seasons. During this period road construction in the Tamale area resulted in the generation of suspended dust in the atmosphere. Analysis of the samples for major ions showed elevated levels of Cl^–. Ion ratios with Cl^– (Na⁺/Cl^–, K⁺/Cl^–, Ca²⁺/Cl^–/Cl^– Mg²⁺/Cl^– and SO₄ ^2–/Cl^–) in rainwater samples were higher than the corresponding ratios in seawater. Some samples also showed elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al and Zn, all of which except Zn showed a correlation with the dry periods between rainfall events. Consequently, it was concluded that dust generated from lateritic soils was probably the major cause of the increase in concentration of these metals. Aluminium and Fe concentrations were observed to be higher than the World Health Organization drinking water guide limits.     

Facing Hazardous Matter in Atmospheric Particles with NanoSIMS (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Current scientific studies and evaluations clearly show that an increase of urban dust loads, alone or combined with other pollutants und certain meteorological conditions lead to different significant health effects. Premature death, increased hospital admissions and increased respiratory symptoms and diseases as well as decreased lung function can be observed in combination with high pollutant levels. Sensitive groups like elderly people or children and persons with cardiopulmonary diseases such as asthma are more strongly affected. Because of the direct contact between fine particles and lung tissue more information concerning the surface structure (mapping of toxic elements) is required. Materials and Methods: The NanoSims50 ion microprobe images the element composition at the surface of sub-micrometer air dust particles and documents hot spots of toxic elements as a possible threat for human health. Results: The atmospheric fine dust consists of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Heavy metals are fixed on airborn particles in the form of hot spots in a nanometer scale. From a sanitary point of view, the hot spots consisting of toxic elements are particularly relevant as they react directly with the lung tissues. Discussion: To what extent particles can penetrate the various areas of the lungs and be deposited there depends on the one hand on their physical characteristics and on the other on breathing patterns and the anatomy of the lung, which is subject to change as the result of growth, ageing or illness. Once inhaled, some particles can reach the pulmonary alveoli and thus directly expose the lung tissues to toxic elements. Conclusions: Especially the mapping of toxic arsenic or heavy metals like copper on the dust particles shows local hot spots of pollution in the dimension of only 50 nanometers. Recommendations and Perspectives: Imaging of elements in atmospheric particles with NanoSIMS will help to identify the material sources.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

双极荷电静电除尘器收集高比电阻微尘的实验

根据粉尘层反电晕现象分析,提出在接地收尘极板上布置芒刺反电晕放电极的双极电晕静电除尘器,这种双极电晕静电除尘器能避免粉尘层的反电晕。在平均场强约3.4kV/cm时,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测得电场内正、负离子风的核心区风速约2m/s。实验表明,离子风对收集微细粉尘有很好的促进作用。在常温常压下,平均场强为3.4kV/cm、气流速度在0.5～2.0m/s的范围内,对质量中位径为0.159μm、比电阻为2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉的电除尘效率测定结果表明,双极荷电静电除尘器的除尘效率高于单极荷电静电除尘器。观察发现,由于接地芒刺的存在,即使对于比电阻高达2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉,沉积在双极荷电静电除尘器收尘极板上的粉饼没有出现反电晕。     

烟尘监测时采样滤筒的质量控制

介绍了合格滤筒的筛选方法和采样滤筒在实验室分析中的质量控制,分析了影响滤筒称量恒重的原因,指出空气湿度、冷却时间和烘干时间对滤筒称量恒重都有影响.