高分子材料光老化研究方法综述

高分子材料的光老化试验已日趋成熟,但试验后材料性能的分析方法还在不断完善。将从高分子材料光老化机理、试验方法、试验后宏微观性能分析方法等方面梳理现在的研究进展,并指出进一步的研究方向,为相关从业者提供参考。     

铁炭微电解-Fe~（2＋）/K_2S_2O_8降解甲基橙

针对偶氮类有机物废水具有色度大,难降解的特点,以对二甲基氨基偶氮苯磺酸钠（甲基橙）为模拟研究对象,对水体系中铁炭微电解-Fe2＋/K2S2O8降解甲基橙的方法进行了研究。通过正交实验确定出该方法各因素的影响程度,进一步通过单因素影响实验确定该方法的最佳条件是：铁炭微电解填料、FeSO4和K2S2O8投加量分别为300 g/L、1.3mmol/L和0.7 mmol/L,初始pH值为7.0。在最佳条件下,甲基橙COD和色度去除率分别能达到64.7%和68.2%。     

城市犯罪问题中的非公共空间盲区微观环境分析

城市地域空间内部的各类空间盲区是城市犯罪事件构成要件中必不可少的环节,非公共空间作为城市内部最常见的一种空间表现形式,存在其中的盲区是城市犯罪问题中的关键点。非公共空间盲区的形成有赖于微观环境的广泛性和独特性,剖析根植其中不同的致盲因素,对预防犯罪问题的产生和遏制犯罪事件的发展有着至关重要的作用。     

差压式测风微传感器敏感元件的设计

目的提高测风微传感器的测量准确性。方法首先通过有限元仿真软件对差压式测风微传感器敏感元件材料进行仿真,确定结构参数;其次对风测量元件结构周边的风压分布进行模拟,建立最佳风压分布方程,并基于风压分布方程设计风速风向解算算法。结果通过对风压分布的仿真与分析,提出了多导风孔的结构设计及带硅岛压力膜作为风压感压膜的方法。结论该方法提高了测风微传感器的测量准确性。     

环上海地区干霾气溶胶垂直分布的季节变化特征

采用2007年1月～2010年11月美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达L1产品,通过532 nm总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,分析了环上海地区干霾期间气溶胶光学和微物理属性的垂直分布特征.结果表明,干霾时各高度层中,0～2.0 km高度层的大气散射能力最强,且主要是规则气溶胶;2.0～8.0 km范围内各高度层大气散射强度、气溶胶规则性较接近;8.0～10.0 km高度层的大气散射能力最弱,且不规则气溶胶所占比例在各高度层中最大;细粒子气溶胶在各高度层均占主导地位,其中2.0～8.0 km范围内各高度层的细粒子气溶胶所占比例较大.春季大颗粒、不规则气溶胶所占比例大;夏季细粒子、规则气溶胶所占比例大.分析2007年5月7日个例发现,气溶胶粒子主要聚集在0～1.5 km范围内,在4.0～5.5 km范围内局部聚集;通过HYSPLIT轨迹模式分析表明,除本地排放的气溶胶粒子外,源于蒙古、中国西北和北部远程输送的沙尘也对霾产生了影响.     

微电解-Fenton氧化处理橡胶助剂CBS废水的实验研究

采用微电解-Fenton氧化法对某化工厂的橡胶助剂CBS生产废水进行了实验研究,并进一步探讨了进水pH值、铁炭投加比、微电解时间、Fenton氧化H2O2投加量、反应时间等影响因素对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:经该工艺处理后,COD总去除率达到70%,为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

超滤膜材料对SiO2-有机物膜污染行为的影响

选用聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）及乙烯乙烯醇共聚物（EVOH）2种超滤膜,针对SiO₂-牛血清蛋白（BSA）及SiO₂-腐殖酸（HA）2种无机-有机混合污染物,通过单种及混合污染物过滤实验,结合各污染物与膜之间作用力的测定,考察膜材料对SiO₂-有机混合污染物膜污染行为的影响机制.结果表明：与单种有机污染物HA或BSA相比,SiO₂-HA/BSA混合污染物对PVDF及EVOH超滤膜的污染会出现加剧和减缓2种相反的现象.结合作用力结果发现：当膜-SiO₂之间的作用力大于膜-有机污染物之间作用力时,与单种有机污染物相比,SiO₂的存在会加剧膜污染;相反,当膜-SiO₂之间作用力小于膜-有机污染物之间作用力时,SiO₂的存在会有效减缓膜污染.上述结果说明膜材料是控制无机-有机混合污染物膜污染行为的关键因素.     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

铝合金微弧氧化技术应用研究

目的研究铝合金微弧氧化技术在产品三防方面的应用。方法选取四种不同牌号的常用铝合金结构件材料进行微弧氧化处理,并通过各种检测手段测定铝合金微弧氧化膜层的成分及形貌、硬度及耐磨、耐腐蚀等性能指标,并与硬质阳极氧化技术作对比。结果微弧氧化膜层厚度为20～120μm,氧化膜致密层硬度（Hv）〉900,致密层磨损率〈10^-4mm^3／（N·m）,盐雾试验时间〉96h,湿热试验时间〉10个周期,膜层性能优于硬质阳极氧化膜。结论微弧氧化技术能大大提高铝合金的耐磨和耐腐蚀性能,可应用于提升产品三防性能。     

Synthesis of highly effective absorbents with waste quenching blast furnace slag to remove Methyl Orange from aqueous solution

Water quenching blast furnace slag(WQBFS) is widely produced in the blast furnace iron making process. It is mainly composed of CaO, MgO, Al_2O_3, and SiO_2 with low contents of other metal elements such as Fe, Mn, Ti, K and Na. In this study, WQBFS was treated with grinding, hydrochloric acid acidification, filtration, filtrate extraction by alkali liquor and a hydration reaction. Then BFS micropowder(BFSMP), BFS acidified solid(BFSAS) and BFS acid-alkali precipitate(BFSAP) were obtained, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller(BET)specific surface area. The decoloration efficiency for Methyl Orange(MO) was used to evaluate the adsorptive ability of the three absorbents. The effects of adsorptive reaction conditions(p H and temperature of solution, reaction time, sorbent dosage and initial concentration) on MO removal were also investigated in detail. The results indicated that BFSAP performed better in MO removal than the other two absorbents. When the p H value of MO solutions was in the range 3.0–13.0, the degradation efficiency of a solution with initial MO concentration of 25 mg/L reached 99.97% for a reaction time of 25 min at 25°C.The maximum adsorption capacity of BFSAP for MO was 167 mg/g. Based on optimized experiments, the results conformed with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Among inorganic anions, SO_4~(2-)and PO_4~(3-)had significant inhibitory effects on MO removal in BFSAP treatment due to ion-exchange adsorption.