PCR-DGGE技术解析A~2/O工艺好氧单元中微生物群落结构

应用PCR-DGGE方法,追踪了汉沽工业废水处理中好氧工艺的活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构动态变化过程及其微生物群落结构组成。研究结果表明：系统中的微生物群落结构随水质变化而变化,随着培养时间的延长,微生物群落结构趋于稳定,分别属于5大类群,与γ、δ、α、ε变形杆菌（Proteobacterias）、芽孢杆菌（Bacilli）的亲缘关系较近。其中γ变形杆菌是该废水处理过程中的主要菌群,包括Pseudomonas sp.、Rheinheimera sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Klebsiella sp.、Enterbacte-riaceae、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Acinetobacter。在整个系统中uncultured Pseudomonas sp.、Halobacillus sp.、Pseudomonassp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.可稳定存在于系统中,为该污水处理系统中的优势微生物。因此,提高Halobacillussp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.菌属在系统中的数量和质量,有利于提高废水生化处理的效果。     

生态沟渠净化稻田排水动力学分析和生物相特征

本研究以太湖流域常见的菱角、水葫芦、梭鱼草、圆币草等水生植物和人工水草、塑料立体弹性填料为生态强化载体,构建"水生植物-载体生物膜-菌藻"复合型生态系统,研究了稻田排水中的氮、磷等营养元素的去除特性,构建氮、磷污染物的降解动力学模型,并调查了沟渠内"微生物-藻类"生物相特征.结果表明,生态沟渠运行期间,随着水稻进入不同...     

Advances in airborne microorganisms detection using biosensors: A critical review

• Airborne microorganism detection methods are summarized. • Biosensors play an important role in detecting airborne microorganisms. • The principle of biosensor detection of airborne microorganisms is introduced. • The application and progress of biosensor in recent years is summarized. • The future perspectives of biosensor are identified. Humanity has been facing the threat of a variety of infectious diseases. Airborne microorganisms can cause airborne infectious diseases, which spread rapidly and extensively, causing huge losses to human society on a global scale. In recent years, the detection technology for airborne microorganisms has developed rapidly; it can be roughly divided into biochemical, immune, and molecular technologies. However, these technologies still have some shortcomings; they are time-consuming and have low sensitivity and poor stability. Most of them need to be used in the ideal environment of a laboratory, which limits their applications. A biosensor is a device that converts biological signals into detectable signals. As an interdisciplinary field, biosensors have successfully introduced a variety of technologies for bio-detection. Given their fast analysis speed, high sensitivity, good portability, strong specificity, and low cost, biosensors have been widely used in environmental monitoring, medical research, food and agricultural safety, military medicine and other fields. In recent years, the performance of biosensors has greatly improved, becoming a promising technology for airborne microorganism detection. This review introduces the detection principle of biosensors from the three aspects of component identification, energy conversion principle, and signal amplification. It also summarizes its research and application in airborne microorganism detection. The new progress and future development trend of the biosensor detection of airborne microorganisms are analyzed.     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志，它直接影响堆肥反应速率，是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器，在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度，计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明，当反应条件为生活垃圾：成熟堆肥=80：20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N比为25，堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时，能加速高温菌繁殖，从而加快垃圾分解速度，大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

多相芬顿-活性炭工艺强化饮用水消毒效果

为了考察多相芬顿-活性炭工艺对饮用水中微生物消毒效果的影响,采用中试对活性炭工艺与多相芬顿-活性炭工艺进行了对比研究。该中试对水中溶解性有机物(DOC)、总细菌16S rRNA、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及胞外多聚物(EPS)含量与性质进行了分析。结果表明,多相芬顿-活性炭工艺能够将出水DOC浓度控制在(0.90±0.11) mg·L-1,并使得EPS减少83.2%,降低EPS中蛋白质/多糖(PN/PS)比值,其凝聚性明显下降,在相同氯浓度投加情况下水中微生物16S rRNA基因拷贝数去除量提高了3.5个对数量级,ATP浓度降低为0.016 nmol·L-1。因此,多相芬顿-活性炭工艺明显提高了对有机物的去除能力,显著降低EPS中蛋白质的含量,使得微生物凝聚性变差,微生物更加容易被消毒剂灭活,该工艺强化了饮用水消毒效果。     

蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量与土壤重金属含量的关系

对呈贡县蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量和土壤重金属质量分数进行大田调查分析，结果表明，土壤微生物种群数量和微生物多样性指数变化较大，土壤微生物种群数量总体水平较高，但微生物多样性指数偏低，其中以细菌占较大的优势；土壤重金属对土壤微生物数量和微生物多样性均有一定的影响，其中土壤中Pb和Cu的质量分数与土壤微生物种群数量显著相关；土壤重金属综合污染指数与真菌／细菌个数比例、真菌／放线菌个数比例与微生物多样性指数均呈显著的指数相关。随着重金属综合污染指数的增加，微生物多样性指数呈指数式地迅速下降。     

固定化微生物技术处理垃圾渗滤液

采用固定化微生物技术建成了处理量为60m3d的垃圾渗滤液处理装置,运转结果表明:在进水CODCr为1980mgL、氨氮为820mgL的情况下,处理出水中CODCr为130mgL、氨氮为0.80mgL。该处理系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷的能力,且未发现水质的变化对微生物特别是硝化细菌产生抑制现象。     

再生水灌水水平对土壤重金属及致病菌分布的影响

为了探讨再生水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属、活性微生物和典型环境致病菌分布的影响,采用室内土柱灌水实验,研究再生水、自来水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和土壤细菌、真菌、大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌分布的影响.结果表明：相同灌水水平下,与自来水灌溉处理相比,再生水灌溉处理下土壤重金属含量略有提高,但仍远低于《土壤环境质量标准》[GB15618-1995]限值,因此短期再生水灌溉不会造成土壤重金属污染;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉提高了表层土壤Cd、Pb含量,Cu、Zn含量无明显差异.此外,相同灌水水平下,再生水灌溉相比自来水显著提高了表层土壤细菌总数和大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量,对土壤真菌总数影响不大;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉显著提高了表层土壤细菌和真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量.土壤重金属与土壤活性微生物及典型环境致病菌之间的相关性分析表明,土壤Cd、Pb、Zn含量与土壤细菌、真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量之间呈正相关性,推断较低含量重金属对土壤活性微生物及典型致病菌的生长繁殖存在一定程度上的刺激作用.因此,再生水灌溉促进了土壤活性微生物的繁衍,并且在一定程度上增加了土壤重金属和环境致病菌的污染风险;合理控制再生水灌水水平可以有效阻控土壤重金属和致病菌含量.     

Removal of airborne microorganisms emitted from a wastewater treatment oxidation ditch by adsorption on activated carbon

Bioaerosol emissions from wastewater and wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. Most previous work has focused on the evaluation of their biological risks. In this study, however, the adsorption method was applied to reduce airborne microorganisms generated from a pilot scale wastewater treatment facility with oxidation ditch. Results showed adsorption on granule activated carbon (GAC) was an e cient method for the purification of airborne microorganisms. The GAC itself had a maximum adsorption capacity of 2217 CFU/g for airborne bacteria and 225 CFU/g for fungi with a flow rate of 1.50 m3/hr. Over 85% of airborne bacteria and fungi emitted from the oxidation ditch were adsorbed within 80 hr of continuous operation mode. Most of them had a particle size of 0.65–4.7 m. Those airborne microorganisms with small particle size were apt to be adsorbed. The SEM/EDAX, BET and Boehm’s titration methods were applied to analyse the physicochemical characteristics of the GAC. Relationships between GAC surface characteristics and its adsorption performance demonstrated that porous structure, large surface area, and hydrophobicity rendered GAC an e ective absorber of airborne microorganisms. Two regenerate methods, ultraviolet irradiation and high pressure vapor, were compared for the regeneration of used activated carbon. High pressure vapor was an e ective technique as it totally destroyed the microorganisms adhered to the activated carbon. Microscopic observation was also carried out to investigate original and used adsorbents.     

三阶段控温堆肥过程中接种复合微生物菌群的变化规律研究

接种复合微生物是提高堆肥效率的主要方法之一,但由于堆料中土生微生物的竞争,较高浓度的土生微生物浓度会抑制接种微生物的长生繁殖.实验表明:当堆料中土生微生物初始浓度为4×10⁸CFU/g时,所接种的微生物不增殖,且随着堆肥的进行,浓度下降很快;而非接种微生物增殖很快,最高浓度可达10¹⁰CFU/g.当土生微生物浓度降低至4×10⁵个/g,接种微生物增殖较快,最高达10¹¹CFU/g.因此,本文利用堆肥自身产热和少许外来热源加热的三阶段控温法进行堆肥.使堆温在4 h内迅速升到70℃以上,并维持8 h,从而使土生微生物浓度降至4×10⁵个/g以下,并起到软化堆料,便于微生物降解的目的.待温度冷却至35℃～45℃时,接种复合微生物,使其快速生长繁殖,数量从10⁸ CFU/g上升到10¹¹CFU/g(干样品),且接种微生物以非接种做生物保持优势地位,从而快速分解垃圾中的有机物.由于在最终产品中含有大量接种有益微生物,可利用其作为菌肥进行回流接种堆肥,以增加堆料中接种微生物数目、改善堆肥微环境、节约菌剂用量、缩短堆肥发酵周期和降低堆肥成本.但利用接种微生物堆肥产品作为菌肥反复接种时,随着反复次数的增加,非接种微生物高浓度繁殖;接种微生物和非接种微生物浓度比约为1:3(反复接种5次),浓度情况发生了逆变.因此,回流菌肥反复接种5次后,接种菌剂基本上就不再起作用了.