Archaeological Evidence of Validity of Fish Populations on Unexploited Reefs as Proxy Targets for Modern Populations

Reef‐fish management and conservation is hindered by a lack of information on fish populations prior to large‐scale contemporary human impacts. As a result, relatively pristine sites are often used as conservation baselines for populations near sites affected by humans. This space‐for‐time approach can only be validated by sampling assemblages through time. We used archaeological remains to evaluate whether the remote, uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) might provide a reasonable proxy for a lightly exploited baseline in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). We used molecular and morphological techniques to describe the taxonomic and size composition of the scarine parrotfish catches present in 2 archaeological assemblages from the MHI, compared metrics of these catches with modern estimates of reproductive parameters to evaluate whether catches represented by the archaeological material were consistent with sustainable fishing, and evaluated overlap between size structures represented by the archaeological material and modern survey data from the MHI and the NWHI to assess whether a space‐for‐time substitution is reasonable. The parrotfish catches represented by archaeological remains were consistent with sustainable fishing because they were dominated by large, mature individuals whose average size remained stable from prehistoric (AD approximately 1400–1700) through historic (AD 1700–1960) periods. The ancient catches were unlike populations in the MHI today. Overlap between the size structure of ancient MHI catches and modern survey data from the NWHI or the MHI was an order of magnitude greater for the NWHI comparison, a result that supports the validity of using the NWHI parrotfish data as a proxy for the MHI before accelerated, heavy human impacts in modern times. Evidencia Arqueológica de la Validez de Poblaciones de Peces en Arrecifes Sin Explotar como Objetivos de Apoderamiento para Poblaciones Actuales     

不同光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响

为探究光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响,设置蓝、白两种光质,每种光质下设置5种不同光照时间处理进行栽培试验,并测定每个处理下杏鲍菇原基形成与分化速度、菇蕾与子实体形态、产量及可溶性蛋白质与总糖含量.结果显示,原基形成速度随光照时间增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,蓝光下以15 min光照15 min黑暗时间处理下原基形成速度最...     

各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响，并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性。实验结果表明：电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理，色度的去除率可达到90％以上；电解时间宜控制在40-60min；电解电压越高，废水COD和色度去除效果越好；在实验温度范围内，温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大；废水pH值为7．5时电解效果最佳，工程运用宜控制在6—9之间。     

基于PIV技术的ABR反应器在不同HRT下的液相流态特性

利用激光粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对ABR反应器的液相流态进行了研究,在水力停留时间（HRT）为3~58 h变化时,测试得反应器内下流室和上流室折流板内外侧关键截面的流场数据,获得了相关流场特征,包括速度矢量图、流线图谱和涡量场等。结果表明,HRT对下流室和上流室的液相轴向、径向平均速度和平均涡量强度影响不同,液相回流面积随HRT的增加逐渐减小;下流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐增加;上流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐减小。下流室和上流室在特定HRT时产生涡流、沟流。在本实验条件下,当处理难降解或高浓度废水时,得出HRT为33 h时反应器整体流态最佳。     

多隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR) 的水力特性试验研究

对ABR反应器的水力流态进行了示踪剂试验,分析了特征截面面积对ABR水力特性的影响,采用停留时间分布(RTD)法研究了不同进水COD浓度和HRT条件下ABR反应器的水力特性,结果表明不同进水COD浓度时ABR反应器的RTD曲线相似,表明进水COD浓度不是影响ABR水力特性的主要因素;不同HRT条件下RTD曲线差异很大,表明HRT对ABR的水力特性影响较大,随着水力停留时间的延长,N值增大,1/Pe减小,ABR的流态趋于推流流态,随着HRT的缩短,N值减小,1/Pe数增大,ABR反应器趋于完全混合流态.     

活性炭吸附室内空气中挥发性有机化合物

活性炭吸附室内空气中挥发性有机化合物的１０％穿透时间与气相浓度及挥发性有机化合物的种类有关,通过对苯、甲苯和丙酮的实验研究,得出了由高浓度估算室内低浓度时炭床１０％穿透时间的经验公式ｔｂ,１＝ｔｂ,ｈ（Ｃ０,１／Ｃ０,ｈ）＾ａ,其中ａ值是与炭床性能及挥发性有机化合物种类有关的参数,可通过实验确定。     

Trends of air pollution in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains, Bavaria

We analyzed 13 years of hourly measurements of SO₂, NO_x, and O₃, at forest ecosystem research sites in SE Germany. A quasi-continuous data record was obtained by combining data sets from two locations. Before interpreting trends in the combined data set, we analyzed if the change of location introduced a systematic bias. We employed autocorrelation functions, Hurst statistics, complexity analysis, and recurrence quantification and found that the partial data sets exhibited no indication of the presence of any bias. For SO₂, we also compared the data from the forest sites with data obtained in nearby cities and also found no indications for any systematic effects. Applying nonparametric trend statistics we found a significant decrease of the SO₂. Most of the observed decrease is due to the reductions of SO₂ emissions in eastern Germany, but reductions in western Germany and the Czech Republic also played important roles. For O₃, we observed a significant increase, the causes of which are unclear from our data alone. No trend was identified for NO_x.     

高铁网络可达性测度及经济潜力分析——以安徽省为例

高速铁路的开通给沿线城市的建设带来了重大影响。基于可达性测度以及修正的经济潜力模型,利用GIS对安徽省高铁可达性以及经济潜力进行深入分析。研究表明:(1)高铁开通后安徽省可达性显著提高,但总体格局保持不变,呈现出以合肥为中心,淮南、芜湖等地为副中心的"多核心"模式。池州、铜陵两城市可达性上升幅度最大,黄山紧随其后,芜湖、滁州变化最小。高铁开通后,滁州可达性排名下降5名,下降幅度最大,合肥、淮南、黄山最为稳定,其他城市均有小幅变化。(2)可达性的提升对城市经济潜力造成了一定影响,总体呈现出以合肥为中心的外围扩展模式。池州、铜陵经济潜力增长最为显著,黄山位列第3,可达性的提升直接影响了池州、铜陵、黄山三市的经济发展。高铁开通后,合肥、芜湖经济潜力排名始终位于前二,传统经济中心地位不变。马鞍山排名上升4名,幅度最大,池州、黄山两市处于末端,经济潜力仍然较为薄弱。(3)高铁开通后,时空收敛效应明显,可达性的提升令城市经济潜力增长显著,但受多方面因素影响,可达性与经济潜力呈现不完全契合关系。     

陕西大暴雨时空分布特征及减灾对策

通过对陕西１９５７～１９９８年共４２年９７个测站的逐日降水量中大暴雨资料进行时间和空间尺度分析，总结归纳出陕西灾害性大暴雨的天气气候基本特征和规律性，并提出相应的减灾对策。     

典型进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性及其影响因素

为了解我国进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性,以某检测机构的5种再生塑料颗粒PP、PE、PS、PET和ABS为研究对象,研究不同温度、不同接触时间和不同模拟液等条件下,再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性。结果表明,在25、40、70 ℃这3种温度下,PP、PE、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒中重金属铬、铅、锰、镉、汞和铜的溶出量随着温度的升高而增加,PS中重金属浓度随温度升高变化不大;随着接触时间的增长,样品中的6种重金属Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、Hg溶出量增长趋势由快至慢,5种再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cr的溶出浓度最高;PE、PS、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒在4种模拟液中重金属溶出量大小整体呈现出：50%乙酸>3%乙酸>10%乙醇>95%乙醇,但PP再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cu在3%乙酸中的溶出量比10%乙醇中的多。本研究结果可为建立塑料接触材料及制品中重金属溶出量的标准方法提供依据。