多目标决策的农业抗旱能力综合评价

利用灰色系统理论中的关联分析建立了湖南农业抗旱能力评价的指标体系,运用多目标决策法对湖南14个市州的抗旱能力进行了评价。其结果是:在三种方案中娄底(1.452 9)、邵阳(1.398 8)、常德(1.580 2)的抗旱能力综合指数最大,抗旱能力强;而张家界在3种方案中抗旱能力综合指数都小于0.5,抗旱能力弱。并为湖南抗旱减灾、提高抗旱能力提出了合理的建议与对策。     

芜湖市生态农业系统设计

通过对生态农业内涵与模式的认识，指出中国生态农业的研究侧重于对生态脆弱区与具体模式的提炼，而对经济发达区、城郊区缺乏研究，对社会经济条件关注较少。针对芜湖市自然条件、社会经济条件和生态环境现状等地域基础的分析，分别从产品、产业、地域三个方面进行了生态农业系统设计，从而力图把握生态农业的系统本质，将生态建设、经济建设以及各种支撑体系建设进行综合考虑，充分发挥生态农业思想在区域发展中的作用。     

WATER MANAGEMENT AND N,P LOSSES FROM PADDY FIELDS IN SOUTHERN KOREA1

ABSTRACT: Assessment and control of nutrient losses from paddy fields is important to protect water quality of lakes and streams in Korea. A four‐year field study was carried out to investigate water management practices and losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in rice paddy irrigation fields in southern Korea. The amount and water quality of rainfall, irrigation, surface drainage, and infiltration were measured and analyzed to estimate inputs and losses of N and P. The observed irrigation amount surpassed consumptive use, and approximately 52 to 69 percent of inflow (precipitation plus irrigation) was lost to surface drainage. Field data showed that significant amounts of irrigation water and rainfall were not effectively used for rice paddy culture. Water quality data indicated that drainage from paddy fields could degrade the recipient water environment. The nutrient balance indicated that significant amounts of nutrients (29.5 percent of total N and 8.6 percent of total P compared to input) were lost through surface drainage. Furthermore, up to half the nutrient losses occurred during nonstorm periods. The study results indicate that inadequate water management influences N and P losses during both storm and nonstorm periods. Proper water management is required to reduce nutrient losses through surface drainage from paddy fields; this includes such measures as minimum irrigation, effective use of rainfall, adoption of proper drainage outlet structures, and minimized forced surface drainage.     

气候变化对我国农业的可能影响及适应性对策

全球气候变暖已经成了一个不争的事实。在全球气候变化背景下,我国的气温不断增高,降水和极端天气气候事件不断增多。根据气候变化情景,从区域布局、种植结构、农作物产量和品质以及设施农业等方面分析了气候变化对我国农业的可能影响,并提出了我国农业应对气候变化的适应性对策。     

Conflict and engagement: An empirical study of a farmer-extension partnership in a sustainable agriculture program

Stakeholder engagement is a crucial concept of extension education. Engagement expresses democratic values of the land-grant mission by providing opportunities for stakeholders to influence program planning, including setting the agenda and negotiating resource allocations. In practice, the concept of engagement guides the formation of partnerships among extension, communities, industry, and government. In the area of sustainable agriculture, however, stakeholders may conflict, presenting challenges to the engagement process. Results from a study of a Canadian sustainable agriculture program, produced using cultural anthropology and participatory action research, detail challenges of the engagement process that led to reconstruction of a farmer-extension partnership. Notable in the early phase of the reconstruction process were critical reflection, stakeholder forums, exclusion through caucusing, and coalition building. An argument for a neopragmatist view provides a theoretical basis for understanding counterintuitive dimensions of engagement revealed by the study.     

推进环保产业结构调整的思考

文章对环保产业结构调整要解决的问题进行了分析,指出产业结构调整必须符合市场经济要求的布局和流通结构,只有建立现代化的企业制度,企业才能有活力。     

TIM: Assessing the sustainability of agricultural land management

TIM (Threat Identification Model) is a framework for the ex ante assessment of agricultural land management sustainability at the land unit scale that identifies sources of unsustainability within agricultural land management systems. The model explicitly links defined hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity, land resource data and information, and land management practice options using expert and local knowledge on land management and its potential effects. The model was tested in the Crystal Creek Subcatchment, a narrow coastal strip of land situated in north Queensland, Australia. This area was chosen due to the expansion of the sugar industry onto increasingly marginal land in the area, which represents a threat to sustainable land use and a requirement for careful land-use planning and land management.TIM may be used in a relational database as a stand alone decision support system for land-management planning. Its usefulness in land-use planning is greatest when it is linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS) as shown in this paper. GIS allows TIM outputs, such as constraints to agriculture and site-specific best-management practices, to be identified in a spatially explicit manner.The main advantages of TIM are that it can be done ex ante, it removes the need to define sustainability assessment criteria and indicators, it utilises current understanding of the causes and effects of land degradation and how different land-management practices influence these, and links this knowledge to definite land-management options.     

建设我国节水高效农业的战略对策

21世纪我国水资源供需矛盾进一步加剧,农用水资源严重短缺,解决我国粮食安全问题,必须发展节水高效农业,本文阐述了未来我国农业可持续发展面临的节水任务,分析了影响节水发展的制约因素,提出了促进节水高效农业发展的战略措施和对策。     

我国节水型农业技术体系的发展方向

本文阐述了国内外节水农业的发展概况,总结了节水农业技术体系特别是高新技术的发展和应用现状,辩证地分析了我国节水农业出现的问题及发展前景。     

河北省可持续农业发展中上土地生态环境约束及对策

本文论述了河北省土地生态环境存在的水土流失、土地沙化、土地盐碱化、土地干旱化、土地污染等主要问题及其对农业生产的影响,提出了保护和整治土地生态环境,保证可持续农业发展相应对策。