基于复杂系统理论的天津市环境与经济关系分析

基于区域环境与经济系统开放复杂性特点,利用最大流原理建立区域环境与经济复杂系统模型分析二者间的关系. 以天津市为研究对象,研究了其环境与经济系统在2001—2010年的发展过程,借助Matlab R2010a求ξ(系统稳定性系数),通过ξ的变化规律分析各组元间的相互作用和系统的整体发展状况. 结果表明:2001—2010年天津市环境与经济系统中各组元间的相互作用逐年增强,ξ逐年上升并在2010年达到最大值(18.615 4),表明该系统中环境与经济各组元间的相互作用逐渐协调,天津市的环境与经济发展呈相互促进的关系.      

釜式反应器反应失控的温度与压力预测

釜式反应器因反应失控导致爆炸、火灾和有毒物料泄漏事故时有发生.对其反应失控内在规律的研究有助于采取针对性防范措施.本文从事故案例中分析和总结了化工生产中反应失控火灾爆炸事故的原因和事故特征.利用反应系统热量平衡原理和物料气-液相平衡原理,分别对间歇、半连续和连续式釜式反应器建立了反应失控所达到的最大温度和压力预测方法.结合釜式反应器的操作,应用此预测方法计算表明,半连续釜式反应器失控时继续加料,反应失控的绝热温升最大,连续和间歇釜式反应器次之,而半连续釜式反应器失控时停止加料绝热温升值较小;反应器内液体物料的蒸气压以比温升速度更大的速度上升.     

Inherently safer sustained casing pressure testing for well integrity evaluation

This paper presents the use of a model to predict sustained casing pressure (SCP), from early pressure buildup data, as a basis for inherently safer well integrity testing. Inherently safer principles aim to eliminate or reduce the hazards by design rather than by using protective features. SCP, a well integrity issue exhibited in many wells, is any measurable pressure that rebuilds after being bled down and attributable to causes other than artificially applied pressure or temperature fluctuations in the well. Intrusion of gas, resulting in SCP, can occur because of poor cement bond in the casing or cement deterioration. Gas entering the annulus migrates to the wellhead and represents a hazard due to increased wellhead pressure and the gas inventory. Compromised well integrity can have catastrophic consequences on both environmental and safety aspects.Most regulations require the monitoring, testing and, eventually, the elimination of SCP. However, test data analysis is predominantly qualitative and limited to arbitrary criteria. Due to the high percentage of wells that present SCP, accurate, safe and preferably fast testing methods are needed. This paper implements an analytical model, rooted in the transport processes and thermodynamics of the system, to predict pressure profiles and gas accumulation during SCP testing from early-time pressure buildup data. The amount of gas accumulated during different testing criteria, being 1) current practices and 2) early diagnostic by the analytical model, is calculated and compared. Results show that using the analytical model as a predictive tool, testing time is reduced significantly, thereby limiting the amount of gas accumulated and reducing the risk. This makes the testing procedure inherently safer as well as less time consuming.     

ADDRESSING TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IMPAIRMENTS WITH WATER QUALITY TRADING1

ABSTRACT: Water quality trading is a voluntary economic process that provides an opportunity for dischargers to reduce the costs associated with meeting a discharge limitation. Trading can provide a cost effective solution for point sources (i.e., wastewater treatment plants) to meet strict effluent limitations set in response to total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). A successful trading program often depends on first determining the trading suitability of a pollutant for a particular watershed. A simple technical approach has been developed to identify sub‐watersheds within the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, where water quality trading could provide a cost effective and scientifically feasible method for addressing total phosphorus impairments. The methodology presented will serve as a model to conduct similar analyses in other watersheds. The Raritan River Basin was divided into 12 subwatershed‐based study areas. Point‐nonpoint source trading opportunities were examined for each study area by examining the point and nonpoint source total phosphorus loading to impaired water bodies. Of the 12 subwatersheds examined, four had a high potential for implementing a successful trading program. Since instream phosphorus concentrations are closely related to soil erosion, an additional analysis was performed to examine soil erodibility. Recommendations are presented for conducting an economic analysis following the feasibility study.     

Cu和Pb对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响

以添加了不同浓度的CuSO_4和Pb(NO_3)_2混合液的f/2培养基培养赤潮异弯藻,通过分析藻的最大生长密度、生长周期及比生长率这3个参数与Cu和Pb之间的相关关系,讨论2种重金属对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响以及2种重金属之间的互作效应。结果表明,Cu为0～0.02 mg·L~(-1)或Pb为0～0.32 mg·L~(-1)时,对赤潮异弯藻生长有促进作用;当Pb浓度不同的条件下,Cu浓度达到0.5～2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,赤潮异弯藻生长受到明显抑制,甚至无法生长;在Cu浓度不同的条件下,Pb在1～9 mg·L~(-1)范围内,随着浓度的增加,对赤潮异弯藻生长抑制作用逐步增强。在Cu浓度为0～2.5 mg·L~(-1)或Pb浓度为1～9 mg·L~(-1)及两者互作条件下,赤潮异弯藻最大生长密度和生长周期都受到显著影响(P0.01)。另外,Cu和Pb对赤潮异弯藻比生长率无显著影响,两者相互作用不明显。结合湛江海域已报道的这2种重金属实际含量,进一步评估了海区中重金属的潜在生态效应。     

九龙江河口湾区冬季海水二甲基硫浓度的分布特征

以九龙江河口湾区为研究区域探寻受人为干扰严重的河口湾区DMS排放规律.2001年冬季采样调查发现在九龙江河口和湾口区叶绿素、盐度和营养盐等环境因子呈现出区域差异,海水DMS也存在明显的空间分布特征,平均浓度分别为101.0和242.1 ng·L^-1.随着海水盐度从低到高,DMS浓度出现先降低后升高的现象,DMS高值出现在九龙江最大浑浊带的河口峰面处.     

温度和盐度对锥状斯氏藻生长的影响

采用正交试验和单因子试验研究了温度和盐度对锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)生长的影响。结果表明,温度为25℃、盐度为25是锥状斯氏藻的最佳生长条件,此时最大比生长率和种群细胞数达到最高。而过低或过高的温度或盐度均会抑制其生长。     

Artificial neural network based maximum power point tracking controller for photovoltaic standalone system

This article presents a two-stage maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller using artificial neural network (ANN) for photovoltaic (PV) standalone system, under varying weather conditions of solar irradiation and module temperature. At the first-stage, the ANN algorithm locates the maximum power point (MPP) associated to solar irradiation and module temperature. Then, a simple controller at the second-step, by changing the duty cycle of a DC–DC boost converter, tracks the MPP. In this method, in addition to experimental data collection for training the ANN, a circuit is designed in MATLAB-Simulink to acquire data for whole ranges of weather condition. The whole system is simulated in Simulink. Simulation results show small transient response time, and low power oscillation in steady-state. Furthermore, dynamic response verifies that this method is very fast and precise at tracking the MPP under rapidly changing irradiation, and has very low power oscillation under slowly changing irradiation. Experimental results are provided to verify the simulation results as well.     

Maximum power point tracking methods for photovoltaic systems operating under partially shaded or rapidly variable insolation conditions: a review paper

To increase the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point (MPP) tracking of the solar arrays is needed. Under partially shaded conditions (PSCs), the solar arrays power–current (P–I) characteristic has multiple MPP. This paper presents various methods and approaches of tracking the MPP from a PV generator operating under PSC. Some comparisons, advantages, drawbacks and critical analysis of each method are discussed. It was found that, indirect methods use empirical data or mathematical expressions of numerical approximations to estimate the MPP from the PV generator’s voltage, current and irradiance. Direct methods offer the advantage of obtaining the actual maximum power from the PV generator’s voltage and current. Artificial intelligence methods do not need exact mathematical models. They can perform under parameter variation, load and supply voltage disturbances. Finally, novel methods require less number of iterations to converge, independent to the initial conditions. All these algorithms can be included in some of the DC/DC converters and MPP trackers for stand-alone or grid-connected systems.     

固结时间对软粘土动剪切模量的影响

随着固结时间的增加,试样逐渐变硬的硬化效应使软粘土的动剪切模量增大;同时,随着固结时间的增加,试样高度和直径明显减小的尺寸效应,也使软粘土的动剪切模量受到显著的影响。通过软粘土自振柱试验,分析了固结时间对软粘土的最大动剪切模量、动剪切模量比和试样尺寸的影响;根据自振柱试验的基本原理,分析了试样尺寸的变化对软粘土动剪切模量的影响;结合试验得到的固结时间和试样尺寸的关系,分析了固结时间通过试样尺寸对软粘土动剪切模量的影响。