Influence of type of MVC test on electromyography measures of biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the amplitude and frequency measures of the electromyography (EMG) signal in agonistic and antagonistic muscles (biceps brachii, triceps brachii). Methods. Fifteen males (22.9?±?2.1 years old) took three isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) tests. Two tests were typical MVC tests for biceps brachii and triceps brachii. The third was a test often used to obtain MVC for forearm muscles (arm and forearm hanging down). The EMG signal was recorded during three isometric MVC muscle contractions and during a relaxation test. Results. There were no differences in amplitude between relaxation and MVC antagonist in static contraction, with higher values for frequency measures in relaxation. When biceps brachii and triceps brachii act as antagonists in an MVC test, frequency measures present lower values than when the muscles act as agonists. Biceps brachii shows much lower amplitude than during an agonist MVC contraction with similar spectral measures. Triceps brachii presents much higher values of spectral measures than during an agonist MVC test. Conclusion. The type of exerted force, i.e., if a muscle acted as an agonist, antagonist or stabilizer, affects the relationship between the time and frequency domain measures.     

Traffic speeds associated with implementation of 80 mph speed limits on West Texas rural interstates

Problem

In 2006 Texas raised the daytime speed limit for passenger vehicles on segments of I-10 and I-20 from 75 to 80 mph. Methods: Traffic speeds were measured before and 3, 12, and 16 months after the limit was changed. Results: During the 16-month period following the speed limit increase, mean speeds of passenger vehicles on I-20 increased by 9 mph relative to the comparison road, where no speed limit change occurred and traffic speeds declined. On I-10 mean speeds increased by 4 mph relative to the comparison road. Limiting the analysis to the month before the speed limit change and 1 year later, the proportion of drivers exceeding 80 mph was 18 times higher on I-20 and 2 times higher on I-10. Discussion: The smaller speed increases on I-10 may be related to its proximity to the U.S. border with Mexico. Highly visible border patrol activity coincided with posting of the higher speed limit. Long-term monitoring in other states suggests that traffic speeds in Texas are likely to continue to increase. Impact on Industry: The present study adds to the wealth of evidence that increased speed limits lead to increased travel speeds. The primary countermeasures to reduce the risk of speed-related crashes include highly visible police traffic enforcement and the use of speed cameras accompanied by publicity.     

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION SYSTEMS: A CONSISTENT ESTIMATOR FOR UNKNOWN PARAMETERS IN CONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents criteria for establishing the identification status of the inverse problem for confined aquifer flow. Three linear estimation methods (ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares, and three-stage least squares) and one nonlinear method (maximum likelihood) are used to estimate the matrices of parameters embedded in the partial differential equation characterizing confined flow. Computational experience indicates several advantages of maximum likelihood over the linear methods.     

PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR TPLN DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was used to derive an alternative method for parameter estimation for the three parameter lognormal (TPLN) distribution. Six sets of annual peak discharge data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments and maximum likelihood estimation.     

武汉阳逻长江公路大桥设计风速值的研究

利用武汉市气象站1961～1999年的风的基本资料，分析了桥位周边平均风速、最大风速、大风日数、最多风向及频率、各风向平均风速及频率、历年的极值风速及大风危害等风的基本特征；建立了武汉市气象站1961～1995年的逐年最大风速序列(其中1989～1995年的逐年最大风速，通过与未受城市化影响的黄陂气象站的比较而进行了合理的订正)。根据建筑设计规范采用极值I型曲线，并用两种参数估计方案。推算出武汉市气象站不同重现期(100，50，30a)10m高处10min平均年最大风速(基本风速)分别为19．4m／s，18．4m／s和17．8m／s。采用比值法求出，从气象站到大桥江边最大风速的增大系数为1．54，从而得到桥位区不同重现期(100，50，30a)10m高处10min平均年最大风速(设计风速)分别为29．9m／s、28．3m／s和27．4m／s。最后分析了大风在146m高度内的变化特征，并采用指数和对数法将设计风速外推到200m以下每10m高度层，可供设计、施工及将来维护参考。     

Dijkstra算法在确定矿井通风最大阻力路线中的应用

矿井通风最大阻力路线的确定,是矿井通风系统设计及改造的主要任务之一。对Dijkstra算法进行研究、改造,使其适用于求解矿井通风最大阻力路线,并根据该算法编写了计算机程序,将其应用于典型风网,获得了正确的结果。Dijkstra算法的引入为确定最大阻力路线提出了一种新的方法,同时计算机的应用也提高了计算的效率及准确性。     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属释放潜能表征研究

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,并采用国标GB/T17671—1999制取混凝土样品.选用酸解法,EA NEN7371和pH静态试验分别测定了混凝土中重金属的全量、有效量和在不同pH系列中的释放量,研究了废物水泥窑共处置产品环境安全性评价中重金属的释放潜能指标.结果表明,全量和有效量存在较大差异,但二者间的相关性因元素种类不同而有较大差别,Ni,Cd的全量和有效量间相关性较好,R2分别为0.989和0.994,而Cr,As和Pb基本不存在线性相关关系;pH静态试验中最大释放量与有效量较为接近,而与全量有较大差异;有效量是废物水泥窑共处置产品使用过程中表征其重金属释放潜能的较优指标.      

Estimating Contributions of Nitrate and Herbicides From Groundwater to Headwater Streams,Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain,United States1

Abstract: Groundwater transport often complicates understanding of surface‐water contamination. We estimated the regional flux of nitrate and selected herbicides from groundwater to nontidal headwater streams of the Atlantic Coastal Plain (New Jersey through North Carolina) based on late‐winter or spring base‐flow samples from 174 streams. Sampled streams were selected randomly, and flux estimates are based on resulting population estimates rather than on empirical models, which have been used previously for similar estimates. Base‐flow flux in the estimated 8,834 headwater streams of the study area are an estimated 21,200 kg/day of nitrate (as N) and 5.83, 0.565, and 20.7 kg/day of alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor (and selected degradates), respectively. Base‐flow flux of alachlor and metolachlor is <3% of the total base‐flow flux of those compounds plus degradates. Base‐flow flux of nitrate and herbicides as a percentage of applications is typically highest in well‐drained areas and lowest in areas with abundant poor drainage and anoxic conditions. In Coastal Plain watersheds of Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, <2% of applied nitrogen reaches headwater streams as base flow. On the Delmarva Peninsula part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, however, more than 10% of such applications are transported through groundwater to streams, and base‐flow nitrate flux represents 70% of total nitrogen flux in headwater streams.     

沱江上游（绵远河,石亭江）环境水文条件分析

本文对无实测水文资料的平原水网区使用水文比拟法进行环境水文条件分析并提出有效的处理方法及合理的成果。     

NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL PEAK FLOW DATA FROM A RECENTLY URBANIZED WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of a nonparametric statistical application in investigating the hydrologic impact of the rapid land use change accompanying intense urbanization, annual maximum peak flow data from an actual example (the Northeast Branch Basin, a recently urbanized Washington, D.C., suburban watershed) were analyzed. Annual peak flow data from the Patuxent Basin above Unity, Maryland, a rural watershed in close proximity to the study area, were compared to data from the Northeast Branch for the Same period utilizing the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. A change in central tendency of each series was noted at the 0.01 significance level; however, the change was negative in the rural basin and positive in the urbanized Northeast Branch Basin. This central tendency change was considered indicative of an average decrease in the size of rainstorms producing annual maximum peak discharges. Rainstorm data from the Northeast Branch Basin were divided into two equal periods (before urbanization and after) and the Wilcoxon test was applied. It was found that rainstorms producing maximum annual peak discharges in the urbanized period were indeed smaller than those in the prior period (0.01 level of significance); however, larger annual peaks were produced. It was concluded that nonparametric statistical methods can be used readily with conventional methods to isolate and clearly analyze the various problems in an actual urban hydrologic study.