突出冲击波对防突风门的破坏失效研究*

为了分析煤与瓦斯突出事故中防突风门的安全性,同时降低成本寻求对现有防突风门材料和结构的替代方案,研究不同厚度的Q460钢制防突风门在突出冲击波载荷下的破坏情况。基于能量法得到不同厚度的风门最大挠度数学模型,再根据煤炭行业规定中的对应数据和安全要求,运用LS-DYNA软件对冲击载荷下的风门破坏进行数值模拟,得到Q460钢制防突风门的静力学特征并与能量法结果进行比对。结果表明:长宽分别为1.75 m和1.8 m,厚度为25 mm和30 mm的风门在0.6 MPa的冲击波超压作用下能满足安全要求,能量法计算结果与数值模拟误差在9%以内,基于安全设计余量可以接受;提出挠厚比概念,当挠厚比小于0.84时,风门不会被破坏,在使用Q460钢设计防突风门时,应尽量确保该值小于0.84。     

Nutrient and Sediment Production,Watershed Characteristics,and Land Use in the Tahoe Basin,California‐Nevada1

Abstract: In efforts to control the degradation of water quality in Lake Tahoe, public agencies have monitored surface water discharge and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in two separate sampling programs. The first program focuses on 20 watersheds varying in size from 162 to 14,000 ha, with continuous stream gaging and periodic sampling; the second focuses on small urbanized catchments, with automated sampling during runoff events. Using data from both programs, we addressed the questions (1) what are the fluxes and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the lake from surface runoff; (2) how do the fluxes and concentrations vary in space and time; and (3) how are they related to land use and watershed characteristics? To answer these questions, we calculated discharge‐weighted average concentrations and annual fluxes and used multiple regression to relate those variable to a suite of GIS‐derived explanatory variables. The final selected regression models explain 47‐62% of the variance in constituent concentrations in the stormwater monitoring catchments, and 45‐72% of the variance in mean annual yields in the larger watersheds. The results emphasize the importance of impervious surface and residential density as factors in water quality degradation, and well‐developed soil as a factor in water quality maintenance.     

Traffic speeds associated with implementation of 80 mph speed limits on West Texas rural interstates

Problem

In 2006 Texas raised the daytime speed limit for passenger vehicles on segments of I-10 and I-20 from 75 to 80 mph. Methods: Traffic speeds were measured before and 3, 12, and 16 months after the limit was changed. Results: During the 16-month period following the speed limit increase, mean speeds of passenger vehicles on I-20 increased by 9 mph relative to the comparison road, where no speed limit change occurred and traffic speeds declined. On I-10 mean speeds increased by 4 mph relative to the comparison road. Limiting the analysis to the month before the speed limit change and 1 year later, the proportion of drivers exceeding 80 mph was 18 times higher on I-20 and 2 times higher on I-10. Discussion: The smaller speed increases on I-10 may be related to its proximity to the U.S. border with Mexico. Highly visible border patrol activity coincided with posting of the higher speed limit. Long-term monitoring in other states suggests that traffic speeds in Texas are likely to continue to increase. Impact on Industry: The present study adds to the wealth of evidence that increased speed limits lead to increased travel speeds. The primary countermeasures to reduce the risk of speed-related crashes include highly visible police traffic enforcement and the use of speed cameras accompanied by publicity.     

Effects of hydrodynamics processes on phosphorus fluxes from sediment in large, shallow Taihu Lake

The turnover of phosphorus （P） in lake sediments, a major cause of eutrophication and subsequent deterioration of water quality, is in need of deep understanding. In this study, effects of resuspension on P release were studied in cylindrical microcosms with Yshape apparatus. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between flux of suspended substance across sediment-water interface （Fss） and the wind speed, and an increasing Fss during each wind process followed by a steady state. The maximal Fss under fight, moderate, and strong wind conditions were 299.9±41.1,573.4±61.7, and 2093.8±215.7 g/m^2, respectively. However, flux of P across sediment-water interface （Fp） did not follow a similar pattern as Fss responding to wind intensity, which increased and reached the maximum in initial 120 rain for fight wind, then decreased gradually, with maximal flux of 9.4±1.9 mg/m^2. A rapid increase of Fp at the first 30 rain was observed under moderate wind, with maximal flux of 11.2±0.6 mg/m^2. Surprisingly, strong wind caused less Fp than under light and moderate wind conditions with maximal flux of 3.5±0.9 mg/m^2. Fss in water column declined obviously during the sedimentation process after winds, but Fp varied with wind regime. No obvious difference was detected on Fp after 8 h sedimentation process, compared with the initial value, which means little redundant P left in the water column after winds.     

Adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by active red mud

Red mud is the waste of alumina industry and has high TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 content which are active components for the adsorption of anion pollutants.In this study,the uptake of phosphate by red mud activated by heat treatment and acid-heat treatment was investigated. The factors influencing the adsorption were also investigated.The result showed that the red mud sample treated using acid-heat method at 80℃with 0.25 mol/L HC1 for 2 h achieved the highest phosphate removal.For the heat-activated red mud,the sample heated at 700℃for 2 h preformed better than the other heat treatment.Phosphate removal by the activated red mud was significantly pH dependent,and pH 7 was the optimal pH for phosphate removal.The adsorption fits Langmuir isotherm model well and the maximum adsorption capacities of the acid-heat activated red mud and the heat activated samples were 202.9 mgP/g and 155.2 mgP/g,respectively.     

1950～2019年中国季节平均最高气温时空演变特征及其大气环流影响定量化分析

全球变暖和人类活动加剧引起区域气候不稳定，高温事件发生频次和持续性增强，生态环境保护和经济社会发展面临严峻威胁.采用Mann-Kendall检验法和一元线性回归法探讨1950～2019年中国季节平均最高气温(AMT)时空演变特征，并结合线性相关、偏线性相关以及小波分析揭示中国各季节AMT与大气环流间的联系.结果表明：(1)时间尺度上，各季节AMT均呈显著上升趋势，春、夏、秋和冬季AMT上升幅度分别为1.21、0.08、1.81和0.25℃,其突变时间主要集中于20世纪90年代至21世纪初.(2)空间分布上，除夏季以外，其它季节AMT平均变化率由南向北逐渐增加，但其增加程度各不相同，其中春冬季节东北和西北地区变化速率最快.(3)各季节AMT与大气环流因子间存在复杂关系，其能量强度在不同时频域上具有显著差异.其中太平洋年代际涛动与夏季AMT呈显著负相关，北大西洋涛动对夏秋冬季AMT变化产生较大程度正向驱动，北极振荡对各季节AMT均具有明显正向驱动作用，厄尔尼诺-南方涛动因年份不同对春夏季AMT的短期变化存在显著正向或负向影响.研究结果可为我国制定科学有效的气候变化应对方案提供理论依据和技术...     

用弹性模量缩减法分析刚架结构的极限承载力

首先,综合考虑单元的内力和屈服强度,定义了单元承载比、承载比均匀度以及基准承载比等参数的概念和计算表达式;在此基础上,根据相邻迭代步变形能守恒关系,研究建立弹性模量的调整计算公式,建立了一种新型的弹性模量调整策略;进而提出了刚架结构极限承载力分析的弹性模量缩减法,即通过系统地调整高承载比单元的弹性模量来确定结构的极限荷载下限值。该方法对于结构的局部破坏模式及整体破坏模式分析均具有较好的适用性。算例分析表明,本文方法具有较高的计算精度和计算效率。     

不同温度及不同加热时间作用后混凝土力学性能试验研究

采用液压伺服试验系统对经历不同温度、不同加热时间作用后的混凝土力学性能进行了试验研究,分析了加热温度、加热时间对混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量和应力-应变关系等力学性能的影响.结果表明:高温后,混凝土的力学性能随温度的升高而劣化,表现为随着受热温度的升高、加热时间的延长,混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量降低,峰值应变逐渐增大.此...