武汉市公交车内噪声监测与分析

对武汉市区公交车内的噪声进行监测,用等效连续声级、噪声污染综合指数及污染等级等指标对车厢内的噪声进行分析评价,对普通公交车及新型空调公交车内的噪声状况进行对比分析,并对车内的主要噪声源进行监测。结果发现,武汉市区公交车内普遍存在噪声超标的情况;空调公交车中无车载电视的公交车声环境较好。公交车内噪声的等效连续声级均超过75 dB（A）;噪声污染综合指数均超过1.0,属声环境恶化一类;噪声污染级都大于80。呼吁有关部门尽快出台相关的标准来规范公交车内的声环境,给人们的出行提供一个良好的乘车环境。     

基于零膨胀模型的航空器危险接近事件安全影响因素研究*

为探究航空器危险接近事件安全影响因素,降低航空器碰撞风险,利用二元概率函数区分航空器危险接近事件危险状态,利用probit函数确定不同风险等级结果,构建航空器危险接近事件零膨胀有序概率模型。结果表明:机组人员程序执行偏差、侵犯领空（无人驾驶飞机未获许可在管制空域飞行）、意图沟通无效或不充分、未监控其他飞机或监控不及时4个安全影响因素,增加航空器危险接近时碰撞风险概率分别为7.03%、4.25%、7.14%和6.03%。     

行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态仿真研究*

为研究行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态规律以及行人损伤情况,基于PC Crash和MADYMO软件进行仿真分析。分析不同发动机罩倾斜程度对行人抛距的影响,以及不同车速、行人走向、前挡风玻璃倾角对行人头部、胸腔的损伤影响,最后通过CIDAS数据库中的3起真实案例进行验证。结果表明:分段抛距公式不仅能反映行人抛距变化趋势,而且在2个分段范围内均能较好地拟合实际抛距,平均误差为4.23%,实际案例验证的结果误差在5%以内,证明实验方法的准确性。     

基于自适应局部斥力与归一化面积损失的工程车辆目标检测*

为加强施工场景下的工程车辆安全监管,针对施工场景下工程车辆易互相遮挡、局部特征与全局特征相似以及场景环境复杂的问题,提出一种基于自适应局部斥力与归一化面积损失的工程车辆目标检测算法。其中自适应局部斥力损失可使待检测工程车辆与其他工程车辆目标框相排斥;归一化面积损失使网络学习集中在面积具有相对较大预测误差的工程车辆上;并结合聚类算法设定更适合工程车辆的锚框。研究结果表明:算法可实现在困难场景下对压路机、挖掘机、装载机3类工程车辆的快速准确检测与识别,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于ABAQUS二次开发的头盔防碰撞仿真系统及应用

目前国内的航空头盔设计仍依赖于经验设计,设计出来的头盔冗余较大,且需要大量的实验进行验证,研制周期长,效率低。针对这些问题,笔者基于ABAQUS平台,并针对航空头盔的特殊性进行二次开发,得到了一款能够进行防碰撞仿真的系统。应用该系统,仿真了3种不同规格的头盔,3种不同装配误差的泡沫硬衬垫共计6种模型的碰撞结果。仿真结果对头盔的设计有一定的指导价值。     

“自由落体”游乐设备直流电机故障分析

创新是大型游乐设施占领市场的核心竞争力,但创新也容易引发各类问题及不确定性,特别是涉及游乐设备可维护性方面,更容易在创新过程中忽视。本文以国外设备供应商生产的“自由落体”游乐设备的故障入手,从研究直流电机故障机理、维修方案以及设计维保建议等几个方面,提出提升直流电机可维护性的举措,主张行业的设计人员不但要聚焦大型游乐设施的趣味性,也要更多关注如何提高大型游乐设施的可靠性、可维护性。     

基于IVE模型乌鲁木齐机动车大气污染物排放因子研究

本文通过对乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车车型、燃料和运行工况的信息调查,得到主城区机动车现状.在此基础上,采用IVE模型进行模拟,结合统计分析,计算得到了2010年乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车基于行驶里程的启动和运行排放因子.将有助于掌握乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车技术状况、车龄分布、年均行驶里程、在路行驶车型比例以及各型在用机动车排放状况,为制定主城区机动车排气污染管理措施,改善大气环境质量提供科学依据.     

道路行车安全性虚拟评价方法研究

针对在道路建成之前很难对设计道路进行有效的安全性评价的问题,在介绍运行车速评价法、速度分布评价法、线形指数评价法和驾驶人工作负荷评价法等国外道路安全评价方法的基础上,提出包括运行车速与设计车速差、相邻路段运行车速差、速度降低因子、横向力系数变化因子以及路段间的加速度值等5个评价因子在内的道路安全评价模型,并确定了相应指标的评价标准.该方法的评价过程包括自行模式和互动模式.自行模式是在驾驶员模糊车速控制模型的基础上预测路段的运行车速,从而进行线形的安全评价;交互模式主要是在虚拟仿真的基础上对道路、隧道、桥梁的交通工程设施、照明等系统进行安全性评价.通过该评价方法可以在道路的设计阶段发现存在的行车安全性问题,通过修改设计或进行安全改善,提高道路的运营安全性.     

Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area. Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales. Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars, vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas. Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area. Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration (73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1), and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission. Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined. Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions. Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of 100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water. Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others.     

应用车载测试系统研究轻型机动车在实际道路上的排放特征

采用一套车载排放测试系统,对深圳市7辆具有代表性的轻型车辆进了实际道路排放测试.根据测试结果,分析了机动车运行工况对排放的影响,比较了基于油耗和行驶里程的排放因子,并计算了各测试车辆的平均排放因子.结果表明,深圳市轻型机动车加速和减速运行模式共占整个运行时间的66.7%和行驶里程的80.3%,对各种污染物的贡献率达74.6%～79.2%.并且加速模式下的排放水平明显高于其他运行模式;基于油耗的排放因子受车速的影响较小,可以避免因机动车运行工况不同所带来的排放差异,从宏观尺度更为合理地预测机动车污染物排放量;车辆技术水平对排放影响很大,化油器车的C0、HC和NOx排放因子分别是欧Ⅲ车的19.9～20.5、5.6～26.1和1.8～2.0倍;我国在进行轻型车排放测试时使用ECE EUDC工况,不能反映我国城市实际道路行驶工况下的机动车排放水平.