电镀污泥填埋豁免量限值研究-以重庆市为例

介绍了危险废物填埋环节豁免量限值的计算方法,并以重庆市15家电镀企业产生的电镀污泥为例,计算该市电镀污泥进入生活垃圾填埋场豁免量限值。结果显示,以重庆市生活垃圾填埋场的环境参数统计值建立的电镀污泥填埋处置豁免量反推计算场景中,在暴露点处有害物的浓度分别为0.005 5 mg/L(致癌效应)和1.2 mg/L(非致癌效应),在释放点处有害物的浓度分别为0.003 4 mg/L(致癌效应)和0.76 mg/L(非致癌效应)。计算得到电镀污泥填埋处置豁免管理限值为2.992 t/a,即该生活垃圾填埋场每年可填埋处置电镀污泥量小于3 t。     

Experimental investigation on the lower flammability limits of diethyl ether/ n-pentane/epoxypropane-air mixtures

Diethyl ether (DEE), epoxypropane (PO) and n-pentane have excellent ignition and combustion performance; hence, they have a wide variety of applications in industry and advanced aviation propulsion systems. As these fuels are flammable at normal temperature and pressure, their explosive characteristics need to be explored. In this study, the lower flammability limits (LFLs) of vapor mixtures of DEE/PO/n-pentane in air were measured in 20 L, closed, stainless steel spherical vessels. Experimental results were obtained at ambient atmospheric pressure and an initial temperature of 40 °C. The experimental results show that the LFLs of DEE-air, n-pentane -air, and PO-air are 1.81 vol%, 1.41 vol% and 2.44 vol%, respectively. The LFLs of binary/ternary fuel mixtures under different compositions were tested, and the experimental results are compared with the classical Le Chatelier's formula. The results show that, for the binary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO, DEE/n-pentane, PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between Le Chatelier's formula and the experimental results is 6.10%. For the ternary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between the two results is 6.33%. Due to the adiabatic flame temperature of each single fuel mixture being close, the Le Chatelier's formula is applicable for an estimation of the LFL for DEE/PO/n-pentane-air mixtures.     

Use of Population Viability Analysis to Evaluate CITES Trade‐Management Options for Threatened Marine Fishes

Abstract: Achieving multiple conservation objectives can be challenging, particularly under high uncertainty. Having agreed to limit seahorse (Hippocampus) exports to sustainable levels, signatories to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) were offered the option of a single 10‐cm minimum size limit (MSL) as an interim management measure for all Hippocampus species (≥34). Although diverse stakeholders supported the recommended MSL, its biological and socioeconomic implications were not assessed quantitatively. We combined population viability analysis, model sensitivity analysis, and economic information to evaluate the trade‐off between conservation threat to and long‐term cumulative income from these exploited marine fishes of high conservation concern. We used the European long‐snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) as a representative species to compare the performance of MSLs set at alternative biological reference points. Our sensitivity analyses showed that in most of our scenarios, setting the MSL just above size at maturity (9.7 cm in H. guttulatus) would not prevent exploited populations from becoming listed as vulnerable. By contrast, the relative risk of decline and extinction were almost halved—at a cost of only a 5.6% reduction in long‐term catches—by increasing the MSL to the size reached after at least one full reproductive season. On the basis of our analysis, a precautionary increase in the MSL could be compatible with sustaining fishers' livelihoods and international trade. Such management tactics that aid species conservation and have minimal effects on long term catch trends may help bolster the case for CITES trade management of other valuable marine fishes.     

Limitations in the SAR Use

Summary The paper discusses several aspects of the practical application of the SAR. It is shown that the unit is an ideal solution for basic research and laboratory experiments. SAR is directly nonmeasurable unit. Although methods and devices based upon indirect SAR measurements may widen our knowledge about EM energy distribution and absorption within a body. It is shown that for practical applications the temperature SAR measurement methods are not sensitive enough while methods based upon E(H) measurement are less accurate than traditional approaches. As a result of assumption SAR = 4 W/kg as a basic restriction the present protection standards are illogical and nonrealiazable. A return to traditional units (E, H, S) in the standards and surveying metrology is suggested.     

可持续发展的“强”与“弱”--从自然资源消耗的生态极限谈起

可持续发展的标准有强弱之分，本文对这两种可持续发展观进行了理论梳理和介绍，以模型分别指出了实现这两种性质的可持续发展必须具备的基本条件，分析表明，忽略自然资源消耗生态极限的可持续发展是一种“弱”性质的可持续发展。     

Rethinking the native range concept

A species is not native outside its native range, but native range is not precisely defined. The invasion literature contains wide discussion of the core concepts such as naturalization, invasiveness, and ecological impact, but the concept of native range has received so little attention that a formal definition does not exist. I considered, among other impediments to a formal definition of native range, the sometimes arbitrariness of the spatial and temporal limits assigned to native range. Broad questions that remain include whether invasion theory can be used to define the native range for species without non-native ranges.     

Study of the explosion parameters of vapor–liquid diethyl ether/air mixtures

The knowledge of the vapor–liquid two-phase diethyl ether (DEE)/air mixtures (mist) on the explosion parameters was an important basis of accident prevention. Two sets of vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations were obtained with Sauter mean diameters of 12.89 and 22.90 μm. Experiments were conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at an ignition energy of 40.32 J and at an initial room temperature and pressure of 21 °C and 0.10 MPa, respectively. The effects of the concentration and particle size of DEE on the explosion pressure, the explosion temperature, and the lower and upper flammability limits were analyzed. Finally, a series of experiments was conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at various ignition energies. The minimum ignition energies were determined, and the results were discussed. The results were also compared against our previous work on the explosion characteristics of vapor–liquid two-phase n-hexane/air mixtures.     

关于中国在用汽车排污控制的若干问题--柴油车部分

文章结合《点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法（双怠速法及简易工况法）》（GB18285—2005）修订中的重大问题阐述中国在用汽油车排气烟度控制方面的新要求。主要包括：增加高怠速排污检测、对电喷汽车增加过量空气系数（λ）的限定、新规定了国1以来的在用汽油车双怠速排放限值、双燃料车要对两种燃料分别检测、对简易工况检测法作了规定、制定简易工况检测法排放限值的基本原则和方法、供地方参考的排放限值等。     

宁波城市热岛随城市化演变的多指标综合分析

以宁波市为研究对象,利用1984─2010年间冬、夏各5景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用热岛强度、热岛面积、景观格局指数综合分析了宁波城市化进程中城市热岛在冬、夏两季的演变趋势,得出如下结果,（1）强度方面,冬季平均热岛强度为1.57℃,夏季为8.67℃,夏季明显强于冬季;热岛强度在夏季呈增强趋势,在冬季呈变弱趋势。（2）热岛面积方面,在冬季,平均89%的建成区受热岛效应的影响,而在夏季,该比例为98%。无论冬夏,热岛面积均随城市化的发展持续增加。（3）数量方面,热岛景观在冬季以低等级热岛斑块为主,占热岛面积的96%左右,夏季以中、高等级热岛斑块为主,比例约为热岛面积的92%。无论冬夏高等级热岛斑块个数均随着城市化进程显著增加。（4）形态方面,无论冬夏主要热岛景观类型乃至整个热岛的斑块形状均变得更加复杂。（5）结构方面,热岛景观在冬季总体上逐渐破碎化,各类景观趋向均匀,多样性增加。在夏季则逐渐聚集,逐步向以高等级斑块为主导的格局方向发展,多样性降低。（6）空间分布方面,随着城市化进展,冬夏两季热岛景观斑块都经历了数量增加、等级升高的变化。冬季在北仑的宁波经济技术开发区形成了两个热点区,夏季在三江口周边、甬江口两岸以及经济技术开发区形成了三大高温片区。利用多指标综合分析可以更加全面的反映城市热岛的演变规律,为减缓城市热岛效应提供理论依据。     

Improving the prediction of air pollution peak episodes generated by urban transport networks

This paper illustrates the early results of ongoing research developing novel methods to analyse and simulate the relationship between trasport-related air pollutant concentrations and easily accessible explanatory variables. The final scope is to integrate the new models in traditional traffic management support systems for a sustainable mobility of road vehicles in urban areas.This first stage concerns the relationship between the hourly mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and explanatory factors reflecting the NO₂ mean level one hour back, along with traffic and weather conditions. Particular attention is given to the prediction of pollution peaks, defined as exceedances of normative concentration limits. Two model frameworks are explored: the Artificial Neural Network approach and the ARIMAX model. Furthermore, the benefit of a synergic use of both models for air quality forecasting is investigated.The analysis of findings points out that the prediction of extreme concentrations is best performed by integrating the two models into an ensemble. The neural network is outperformed by the ARIMAX model in foreseeing peaks, but gives a more realistic representation of the concentration's dependency upon wind characteristics. So, the Neural Network can be exploited to highlight the involved functional forms and improve the ARIMAX model specification. In the end, the study shows that the ability to forecast exceedances of legal pollution limits can be enhanced by requiring traffic management actions when the predicted concentration exceeds a lower threshold than the normative one.