酸碱溶液改性竹基活性炭生物降解H2S

对竹基活性炭采用酸、碱溶液浸渍的方法改性,并用化学和表面形态分析等表征方法测试了其改性前后的特性,研究了不同溶液对改性竹基活性炭在微生物挂膜和滴滤塔去除H2S方面的影响。研究结果表明,用10％NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭较未改性的竹基活性炭碱性基团含量增加了0．614mmol／L,平衡含水率增加了6．08％,碘吸附值增加了29．6mL／g,这些物化性能的改变更有利于生物竹基活性炭去除H2S。对比5种改性方法对生物降解H2S性能的影响,在H2S人口浓度为150～4500mg／m^3、循环液喷淋量0．2L／h、pH6．5—7．5、气体停留时间66s的条件下,经NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭,对H2S的去除率达93．4％以上,效果好于其他改性方法的竹基活性炭。     

天津市餐厨垃圾回收现状与对策

餐厨垃圾是一种具有较高再生利用价值的资源,但是处置不当会给社会造成危害。天津市餐厨垃圾的回收包括规范化的再生资源回收企业回收、以养猪和炼制餐厨再生食用油为目的的非法回收商贩回收、城市普通生活垃圾收集处理系统回收等三种形式。以源头单独集中、清洁化单独收运、无害化处理和资源化利用为指导原则,开展城市餐厨垃圾的规范化回收符合发展循环经济的根本要求。从加强宣传教育、加大食用油监管力度、健全行政监管体系、完善餐厨垃圾规范化收集网络等角度,提出推动天津市餐厨垃圾回收规范化发展的对策。     

基于改进逼近理想解排序(TOPSIS)法的应急系统优化选址模型研究

通过分析影响应急系统选址的各种因素,建立衡量应急系统地址优劣的指标体系,并利用层次分析法确定各指标的权重。依据改进逼近理想解排序(TOPSIS)法的基本思路,建立应急系统优化选址模型。通过具体的实例说明,将改进TOPSIS法引入选址模型是解决应急系统优化选址问题的有效方法,是选址方法体系的一种创新思路。     

酸性蚀刻废液处理的试验研究

通过室内试验,比较置换、中和-置换及化学沉淀-电絮凝处理方法对废蚀刻液的处理效果.结果表明,化学沉淀-电絮凝工艺的处理效果最好,其适宜工艺条件为废蚀刻液pH=6 0～7 5、电絮凝电流密度50 mA/cm2和电絮凝作用15 min,此时COD和Cu2+的去除率分别达98 7%和99 98%.研究表明,经过化学沉淀-电絮凝工艺处理的酸性蚀刻废液可达到排放标准,同时化学沉淀过程中产生的沉淀物经处理后可得到硫酸铜产品.     

利用磷化渣配制复合磷化液

采用固体废物磷化渣配制成复合磷化液,并用所配制的复合磷化液对A3钢试件进行磷化处理,形成磷化膜。通过正交实验确定了配制复合磷化液的较佳配方为：磷化液基础液加入量0．2L／L、氧化锌加入量5g／L、碳酸钠加入量6g／L、硝酸加入量12．5mL／L、浓磷酸加入量2．5mL／L、硫酸铜加入量0．3g／L。复合磷化液为浅绿色透明溶液,pH为4．0,总酸度为40,游离酸度为10,磷化温度为65℃,磷化时间为300～600s。所形成的磷化膜厚度为16．0μm,单位质量为26．875g／m^2,粗糙度为1．425μm,维氏硬度为124．27kgf／mm^2。磷化膜硫酸铜点滴时间为35s,耐盐水时间为8h,耐盐雾时间为4h,其物理性质和耐蚀性能均较佳。     

Polyaniline nanofibers: acute toxicity and teratogenic effect on Rhinella arenarum embryos

The fate and effect of nanomaterials in the environment is of paramount importance towards the technological application of the materials. This work shows the ecotoxicological potential of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers in the larvae Rhinella arenarum by means of AMPHITOX test. Acute toxicity of PANI nanofibers towards embryos of the common South American toad R. arenarum (Anura: bufonidae) was evaluated in the premetamorphosis (stage 25) larvae. The exposure of R. arenarum larvae to at dose of 150, 250 and 400 mg L⁻¹ resulted in 100% viability within 96 h exposure. The embryos at 2-4 blastomers stage (early life stage teratogenic test) revealed that embryos were not killed and no teratogenic effects were observed when embryos were incubated with PANI nanofibers (150 and 250 mg L⁻¹), while only a growth retardation of embryos was induced at levels of 250 mg PANI nanofibers L⁻¹. On the other hand, at 400 mg L⁻¹ concentration, a reduction in the body length of larvae and tail malformation was observed. This results suggest that a concentration-dependent toxicity is operative, typified by phenotypes that had abnormal body axes. The presence of PANI nanofibers in gut contents and its excretion by larval stages of R. arenarum was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy.     

New best estimates for radionuclide solid–liquid distribution coefficients in soils,Part 1: radiostrontium and radiocaesium

Best estimates for the solid-liquid distribution coefficients (K_d) of radiostrontium and radiocaesium for various soil types, were derived from geometric means (GM) calculated from grouping soils by texture and organic matter content, and also using soil cofactors governing soil–radionuclide interaction. The K_d (Sr) GM for Sand, Loam, Clay and Organic groups were similar, although the value for the Sand group was significantly lower. The Sr cofactor approach, based on the ratios of cation exchange capacity (CEC) to Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil solution, leads to K_d (Sr) GM with a lower variability, from which best estimates could be proposed. The K_d (Cs) GM for Sand and Organic groups differed, although similar values were obtained for Loam and Clay groups. Grouping the K_d (Cs) according to the Radiocaesium Interception Potential (RIP) and the RIP divided by the K concentration in the soil solution also allows to suggest K_d (Cs) best estimates with a lower variability.     

模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对氧化亚铁硫杆菌活性的影响

从浙江温州某制革厂污泥中筛选到1株细菌,对其形态和16S rDNA序列研究表明,细菌细胞呈杆状,革兰氏染色阴性,其16S rDNA序列与嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌标准菌株Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270的序列相似度为99%,可鉴定为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,暂命名为WZ-1.为了研究电镀污泥浸出液中重金属离子对WZ-1活性的影响,考察了Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+这4种重金属离子及5种不同模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1 Fe2+氧化活性和表观呼吸速率的影响,结果表明菌株在接种量6.7%、初始pH 2.0、温度30℃、转速150 r·min-1的条件下,浓度分别为5.0 g·L-1、0.1 g·L-1的Ni2+、Cr3+对WZ-1的活性没有影响;WZ-1对Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+的最大耐受浓度分别为:30.0、0.1、2.5、30.0 g·L-1;5种模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1活性的影响有明显差异,抑制强弱顺序为:Cu/Ni/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Zn>Cu/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Cr>Ni/Cr/Zn.     

ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤半焦表面性质及其中高温脱汞性能的影响

利用ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤进行浸渍后在700℃条件下热解制备改性半焦,采用N2吸附/脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对ZnCl_2处理前后两种半焦表面物化性质进行了表征,在小型固定床反应器上研究了ZnCl_2溶液浸渍处理前后褐煤半焦对气态单质汞(Hg~0)的脱除性能.结果表明,经过ZnCl_2处理得到的半焦(ZSC)具有发达的孔隙结构,其表面含氧官能团含量和数量有所提高,并出现了新的C-Cl基团;在100~360℃温度范围内,制备的改性半焦ZSC的脱汞效率随温度升高而降低,但在中高温条件下仍表现出良好的脱汞性能;在化学吸附过程中,气态Hg0被C-Cl基团氧化为HgCl或HgCl_2,同时Hg~0与半焦表面含氧官能团结合生成HgO,Hg~0最终以HgCl_2或HgO的形式附着在半焦表面.     

氢氧化钙清液加氯化钙处理酸性高浓度含氟废水

研究了pH值、氯化钙投加量、搅拌时间及沉淀时间等因素对酸性高浓度含氟废水处理效果的影响;提出了采用氢氧化钙清液加氯化钙作为新型沉淀剂处理酸性高浓度含氟废水的工艺参数：pH值在8．5－9．5,按照nCa／F=0．7加入5％CaCl2溶液,搅拌45min、沉降90min;采用此工艺参数处理氟离子浓度为2600mg／L、pH值为2．97的废水,能把废水氟离子的浓度降至20mg／L以下,达到国家二级排放标准;采用本工艺取代传统工艺的好处是：沉渣中氟化钙纯度高,有利于废水中氟的回收利用。