南四湖水质空间分布监测分析与水环境问题解析

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,其水质状况一直受到人们的广泛关注。根据南四湖水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数Pj>2的标准共筛选出29个重污染测点,其中有19个处于重污染河口外混合区,说明南四湖污染物主要来自于重污染河流;南四湖2006年秋和2007年春监测的总体平均综合污染指数分别为2.12和1.98,表明南四湖污染依然相当严重,而且秋季比春季水质更差,按湖区南阳湖、微山湖岛北、小北湖的水质最差,特别是南阳湖水质四项主要指标平均超标2倍以上。南四湖两次监测CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分摊率平均值依次为30.6%、36.0%、33.4%,表明南四湖的主要污染物是TP、TN、CODcr。因此,在调整区域内重污染企业工业结构的同时,应实行管辖区内工业和城市生活等污水的深度处理和截蓄导用,严格执行水污染物排放标准和总量控制指标。     

Removal of dissolved organic matter in municipal effluent with ozonation, slow sand filtration and nanofiltration as high quality pre-treatment option for artificial groundwater recharge

In the paper the combination process of ozonation, slow sand filtration (SSF) and nanofiltration (NF) was investigated with respect to dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal as high quality pre-treatment option for artificial groundwater recharge. With the help of ozonation leading to breakdown of the large organic molecules, SSF preferentially removes soluble microbial by-product-like substances and DOM with molecular weight (MW) less than 1.0 kDa. NF, however, removes aromatic, humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like substances efficiently and specially removes DOM with MW above 1.0 kDa. The residual DOM of the membrane permeate is dominated by small organics with MW 500 Da, which can be further reduced by the aquifer treatment, despite of the very low concentration. Consequently, the O₃/SSF/NF system offers a complementary process in DOM removal. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) can be reduced from 6.5 ± 1.1 to 0.7 ± 0.3 mg L⁻¹ and from 267 ± 24 to 52 ± 6 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The very low DOC concentration of 0.6 ± 0.2 mg L⁻¹ and THMFP of 44 ± 4 μg L⁻¹ can be reached after the aquifer treatment.     

The association between total urinary arsenic concentration and renal dysfunction in a community-based population from central Taiwan

Arsenic (As) is an important environmental toxicant that can cause cancer and cardiovascular disease, but the relationship between As exposure and renal dysfunction is not clear. The aim of this study is to examine the association between As exposure and renal dysfunction in a community-based population in central Taiwan. One thousand and forty-three subjects were recruited between 2002 and 2005. The risk for type 2 diabetes was increased by 2-fold (p < 0.05) in subjects with total urinary As (U-As) > 75 μg g⁻¹ creatinine as compared with subjects whose U-As was ?35 μg g⁻¹ creatinine after the adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratio for an abnormal β2 microglobulin (B2MG > 0.154 mg L⁻¹) was significantly higher in subjects with U-As > 35 μg g⁻¹ creatinine as compared with the reference group adjusted for age, sex, living area, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. The risk for abnormal B2MG and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 90 mL min⁻¹ (1.73 m²)⁻¹) was both increased around 2-fold (p < 0.05) in subjects with U-As > 75 μg g⁻¹ creatinine as compared with those with U-As ? 35 μg g⁻¹ creatinine adjusted for all the risk factors plus lead (Pb), cadmium and nickel. The prevalence of abnormal B2MG was 4.82 times higher in subjects with both over the median levels of U-As (85.1 μg L⁻¹) and urinary Pb (18.9 μg L⁻¹) as compared to both lower than the median (p < 0.001). These results indicate that U-As might relate to renal dysfunction even other important risk factors were taken into account. Follow-up studies for causal inference are warranted.     

光-Fenton氧化破解剩余污泥和改善污泥脱水性能

利用紫外光-Fenton（光-Fenton）氧化处理城市剩余污泥,通过上清液的SCOD、多聚糖以及蛋白质浓度表征污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的破解情况,通过污泥过滤比阻（SRF）和滤饼含水率表征污泥脱水性能的变化。结果表明,光．Fenton氧化破解污泥EPS和改善污泥脱水性能的效能明显优于单独Fenton反应和单独紫外光照射处理。pH为3、反应时间为2h,H2O2投加量为4g／L和Fe^2＋投加量为0．6mg／L是光-Fenton氧化处理供试污泥的适宜条件。在适宜处理条件下,污泥上清液中的SCOD、多聚糖和蛋白质浓度分别由67．46mg／L、12．53mg／L和8．62mg／L增加到568．12mg／L、448．62mg／L和292．94mg／L;SRF和滤饼含水率分别由2．4×10^S2／g和88．52％下降至5．26×10^8S^2／g和76．36％。光-Fenton反应在有效破懈污泥的同时,提高了污泥的脱水性能．有利于污泥的减量化。     

蚯蚓对毛细管渗滤沟生活污水处理效果的影响

采用添加蚯蚓的毛细管渗滤沟A和没有蚯蚓的毛细管渗滤沟B对生活污水处理进行对比实验研究,同时考察毛细管渗滤沟中蚯蚓的数量变化和添加蚯蚓对土壤结构的影响。实验结果表明：蚯蚓对毛细管渗滤沟处理有机物有促进作用,蚯蚓的加入可以改变土壤结构,提高土壤孔隙率,增加出水溶解氧。反过来,毛细管渗滤沟为蚯蚓生存、繁殖提供了适宜条件,在土...     

南四湖入湖重点污染河流筛选与水环境问题分析

根据南四湖主要河流入湖口水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数〖WTBX〗Pj〖WTBZ〗＞2的标准共筛选出洸府河和薛城小沙河等17条重污染河流,这些河流CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染贡献率平均值依次为455%、763%、86.4%,说明南四湖TN和TP主要来自于重污染河流, CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分担率平均值依次为22.7%、15.4%、61.9%,说明南四湖的首要入湖污染物是TN,其次是CODcr和TP。给出了南四湖湖东区入湖河口NH3 N与TN的线性回归方程,受湖西与湖东地形地势、河流形态、水力停留时间以及水体中pH、SS、叶绿素a等多种因素的影响,湖西比湖东河流的硝化过程较完全,湖西区和湖东区入湖河口氨氮与总氮的平均比值分别为025和065。分析表明,重污染河流的汇水区域一般都在主要城镇和工矿区分布,CODcr和氮污染物主要来自于工业和城市生活等点污染源,磷污染物主要来自于部分工业行业。因此,加强南四湖流域的工业结构调整、重点企业截污和城市污水处理厂脱氮除磷等点源控制措施仍是重中之重。     

油田压裂废液处理及回注实验

油田压裂废液具有高COD、高悬浮物等特点,处理达标难度大。以悬浮固体含量、悬浮固体颗粒粒径中值和含油量为指标,实验研究了混凝、微滤膜过滤技术参数,最佳条件为:絮凝剂投加量800～1 000mg/L,助凝剂投加量9～10mg/L,快速搅拌G值250～300s--1,慢速搅拌G值约50s--1,经50、10μm两级微滤膜过滤后悬浮固体含量、粒径中值、含油量满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》标准要求。该方法工艺简单,成本低,在一定程度上解决了压裂废液难处理的问题。     

纤维转盘过滤技术在城市污水深度处理中的应用

纤维转盘过滤作为一种污水深度处理新技术,比传统的砂滤具有革新性的原理和结构改进,在实现连续过滤的情况下可稳定去除SS,大幅降低运行成本,全面提高过滤效率,在我国城市污水一级A排放等污水深度处理领域应用前景广阔。     

滤布滤池系统在城市污水深度处理的中试研究

滤布滤池工艺是一种将过滤截留和沉淀集中在同一滤池内同步完成的高效水处理工艺。将该工艺应用于城市污水的深度处理中,通过絮凝剂的加入,具有同步去除TP和浊度的功能。研究了该工艺对城市污水处理厂二级处理出水中的TP、浊度、TN和COD的去除效果及其运行规律。研究表明：采用氯化铁作为絮凝剂,在合适的药剂投加量下,对污水处理厂二级出水的TP的去除率超过53%,浊度去除率超过32%。与传统的砂滤工艺相比,该工艺具有操作简单、结构紧凑、占地面积小和高程损失小等优点,是一种更为经济和简单的处理单元,适用于现有城市污水处理厂进一步提高出水水质的深度处理。     

微网生物动态膜过滤性能的研究

采用普通微网材料加工的过滤组件与生物反应器一起构成动态膜-生物反应器,研究了微网上所形成的生物动态膜的过滤性能.生物动态膜所具有的较强截留能力主要是由附着的凝胶层产生.动态膜对相对分子质量＜3×10³至＞1×10⁵的各个级别的溶解性有机物都有30%～60%的截留率,但过滤的精度并不很高,不能完全截留相对分子质量大于1×10⁵的溶解性有机物.已经覆盖有凝胶层的膜片与未使用过的新膜片的清水过滤阻力几乎相等,约为1.9×109m^-1.由滤饼产生的过滤阻力占运行中动态膜片总过滤阻力的绝大部分.新膜片在清水通过时有明显的初始阻力,而有凝胶层覆盖时的膜片几乎没有初始过滤阻力.