Chemometric characterization of soil and plant pollution: Part 1: Multivariate data analysis and geostatistical determination of relationship and spatial structure of inorganic contaminants in soil

Geostatistical and multivariate methods of data analysis are used to describe patterns of soil pollution with inorganic contaminants in Celje County, Slovenia. Groups of contaminants and polluted sites were identified using cluster analysis and confirmed with multidimensional variance and discriminant analysis. Factor analysis yields an identification of not directly observable relationships between the contaminants. The spatial structure and distribution of contaminants were assessed by applying semivariogram analysis and kriging interpolation method. Zinc, Cd and Cu were identified as a pollutant emitted from the zinc smelter, Pb also from other sources, and Cr and Ni mostly from geological parent material.     

农村人口动态多维贫困:状态持续与转变

能力贫困、动态贫困、多维贫困更符合贫困的本质和走向,本文利用2010年和2012年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)农村平衡面板数据,运用Biprobit模型基于个人层面可行能力和主观福利感受分析农村人口多维贫困状态持续与转变。结果表明:农村人口年龄、从事农业活动时间、区域差异、受教育程度、绝对收入、社会地位及相对收入等均对农村人口持续多维贫困产生显著影响。受教育程度、从事农业活动时间、区域差异、年龄、相对收入、户籍和绝对收入均对农村人口陷入多维贫困产生显著影响。农村人口从事农业活动的时间越长,持续多维贫困的可能性越高,陷入多维贫困的可能性越低。东部、中部、西部发生持续性多维贫困的可能较高,而东部、西部陷入多维贫困的可能性较低。绝对收入、相对收入和社会地位越高,农村人口发生持续性多维贫困的可能性越低。女性、受教育程度较低的农村人口持续性多维贫困的可能性更高。相对收入较低的农村人口易于陷入多维贫困,然而相对收入对农村人口持续性多维贫困的作用不明显。社会地位对农村人口持续性多维贫困产生消极作用,却对陷入多维贫困的影响不显著。主要研究结论:打破"持续多维贫困"恶性循环应从"小处"着手,以"输血"为主,"走进去"识贫,"走出来"脱贫;防范农村人口陷入多维贫困应从"大局"着眼,把发展和消除不平等作为解决多维贫困的根本途径,引导"脱贫"和防范"返贫",提能力避返贫,新思路促扶贫。精准扶贫机制要建立在契合贫困本质的贫困标准上,找准"贫根",寻共性扶贫,诊特性脱贫。     

Incorporating multidimensional behavior into a risk management tool for a critically endangered and migratory species

Conservation of migratory species exhibiting wide-ranging and multidimensional behaviors is challenged by management efforts that only utilize horizontal movements or produce static spatial–temporal products. For the deep-diving, critically endangered eastern Pacific leatherback turtle, tools that predict where turtles have high risks of fisheries interactions are urgently needed to prevent further population decline. We incorporated horizontal–vertical movement model results with spatial–temporal kernel density estimates and threat data (gear-specific fishing) to develop monthly maps of spatial risk. Specifically, we applied multistate hidden Markov models to a biotelemetry data set (n = 28 leatherback tracks, 2004–2007). Tracks with dive information were used to characterize turtle behavior as belonging to 1 of 3 states (transiting, residential with mixed diving, and residential with deep diving). Recent fishing effort data from Global Fishing Watch were integrated with predicted behaviors and monthly space-use estimates to create maps of relative risk of turtle–fisheries interactions. Drifting (pelagic) longline fishing gear had the highest average monthly fishing effort in the study region, and risk indices showed this gear to also have the greatest potential for high-risk interactions with turtles in a residential, deep-diving behavioral state. Monthly relative risk surfaces for all gears and behaviors were added to South Pacific TurtleWatch (SPTW) ( https://www.upwell.org/sptw ), a dynamic management tool for this leatherback population. These modifications will refine SPTW's capability to provide important predictions of potential high-risk bycatch areas for turtles undertaking specific behaviors. Our results demonstrate how multidimensional movement data, spatial–temporal density estimates, and threat data can be used to create a unique conservation tool. These methods serve as a framework for incorporating behavior into similar tools for other aquatic, aerial, and terrestrial taxa with multidimensional movement behaviors.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

多维地震作用下偏心结构动力反应的Simulink仿真分析

理论研究与震害经验表明,地震时结构会产生不可忽略的平动与扭转耦合的空间振动,因此,对结构进行平—扭耦联反应分析具有重要意义。本文首先建立多维地震动作用下偏心结构的空间力学模型和动力方程,并编制相应的MAT LAB程序,然后将动力方程所代表的动力学系统用控制理论中的状态空间法予以描述,根据其状态方程在SIMULINK环境下建立仿真分析模型,从而求解动力方程。对一双向水平地震作用下的6层偏心框架结构进行平—扭耦联反应数值仿真分析,得出了一些有益的结论。     

考虑结构极限状态随机性的多维易损性分析

本文同时考虑结构在地震激励下响应的随机性和极限状态的随机性,将概率-凸集混合模型应用于结构的多维易损性分析。以最大层间位移、最大层加速度作为反映结构性能和非结构性能的两种工程需求参数,并视为符合对数正态分布的随机变量,两种需求参数的阈值被视为非概率凸集变量,分别建立阈值的椭球模型和区间模型,建立同时包含凸集变量和概率变量的二维联合性能极限状态方程;根据凸集模型和概率模型之间的相容性,提出一种混合模型下基于克里金模型的蒙特卡洛法用于求解超越概率的上、下界,得到反映超越概率区间的易损性曲线。研究表明:区间模型建立的易损性曲线较为保守;在罕遇地震作用下,不考虑阈值随机性会会低估结构的抗震能力。     

Measuring biological diversity using Euclidean metrics

We study the complementary use of Rao's theory of diversity (1986) and Euclidean metrics. The first outcome is a Euclidean diversity coefficient. This index allows to measure the diversity in a set of species beyond their relative abundances using biological information about the dissimilarity between the species. It also involves geometrical interpretations and graphical representations. Moreover, several populations (e.g., different sites) can be compared using a Euclidean dissimilarity coefficient derived from the Euclidean diversity coefficient. These proposals are used to compare breeding bird communities living in comparable habitat gradients in different parts of the world.     

可持续发展多目标综合评价方法的研究

针对目前可持续发展评价模型存在的不足,在详细分析可持续发展系统多维空间等概念的基础上,提出了一种新的可持续发展评价方法——多目标综合评价方法,给出了可持续发展多目标综合水平计算公式,并将该方法应用于深圳市可持续发展评价,结果证明,该方法具有一定的理论价值和实践可操作性.     

Reflexivity and developmental constructs: the case of sustainable futures

ABSTRACT

The quest for sustainability signals a departure from industrialist presuppositions about the human capacity to control nature that had hardly been questioned during the modern era. Environmental politics, indeed, entered the public scene with warnings of environmental crisis that disrupted industrialist assumptions and supported a call for a dramatic change in course. As environmental problems became part of an agenda of sustainable development, however, there came a shift from a disruptive politics towards professionalization and a managerial emphasis. A reflexive approach to sustainability needs to reconsider the relevance of politics while also thematizing problems of history and power. The concept of ‘developmental constructs’, which Harold D. Lasswell offered as part of his proposal for a reflexive project of contextual mapping, is advanced here as relevant to that end. Comparing the early interventions of Rachel Carson and Amory Lovins to Lasswell's conception of developmental constructs, the article maintains that such proposals for sustainable futures highlight the importance of a political connection.     

Case studies in co-benefits approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation

Attempts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions or manage the effects of climate change traditionally focus on management or policy options that promote single outcomes (e.g., either benefiting ecosystems or human health and well-being). In contrast, co-benefits approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation address climate change impacts on human and ecological health in tandem and on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The article engages the concept of co-benefits through four case studies. The case studies emphasize co-benefits approaches that are accessible and tractable in countries with human populations that are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. They illustrate the potential of co-benefits approaches and provide a platform for further discussion of several interdependent principles relevant to the implementation of co-benefits strategies. These principles include providing incentives across multiple scales and time frames, promoting long-term integrated impact assessment, and fostering multidimensional communication networks.