The socioeconomic significance of nature-based recreation in Canada

In recognition of the many values that people ascribe to nature, federal, provincial, and territorial agencies worked inpartnership to complete the 'Survey on the Importance of Natureto Canadians' (SINC) in 1981, 1987, 1991, and 1996. Between 1981 and 1996, more than 80% of Canadians 15 years of age and older engaged in one or more nature-related activities. This paper describes the evolution of this cooperative monitoring program, defines a classification system as a context for the values examined by the SINC, highlights trends of some nature-related recreational activities measured by the survey, and comments onthe importance of this information to Canadians.     

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.     

可持续发展与环境伦理的思考

面对环境问题与资源危机,人类社会正面临发展的文明转型.为此我国提出科学发展观,力求全面的可持续发展.我们要转变认识自然的价值观,走出“人类中心论“,构建环境伦理体系.发挥环境伦理的作用和功能,正确处理人与自然的关系,尊重与善待自然,坚持公正补偿、节约、平等和慎行等原则.社会各群体都要负担起环境责任,共同努力,实现可持续发展.     

地质工程项目风险管理的探讨

整个地质工程系统具有时间维度和空间维度两大基本特征,在时间维度上主要表现为自然系统的客观存在性和人们认知能力的有限性,在空间维度上主要表现为系统作用域的风险性。笔者结合我国地质工程项目实施现状,分析目前的工程保险制度、监理委托关系和检测机构委托关系存在的各种风险因素;提出解决上述风险的对策和建议;并对地质工程项目风险管理的程序、方法和手段进行了探讨。     

鄱阳湖流域生态修复的理论、方法及其应用

在鄱阳湖流域生态修复中,坚持“保护优先,自然恢复为主,人工修复遵循客观规律”的修复方法：（1）对具有典型意义的生态系统,划定保护区,加强管理,保护濒危物种,增加生物多样性;（2）对中、轻度损害的生态系统,实行封育保护,减轻负荷压力,利用生态系统自组织功能,自然恢复为主;（3）对于严重损害的生态系统,遵循生态系统生长发育的自然规律,采取人工措施修复或重建。科学选择了修复策略：（1）以修复植被生态系统为基础和前提,创造条件,利用生态系统的自组织、自修复能力逐步实现微生物、动物的恢复;（2）把生态修复与发展生态经济结合起来,增加群众收入,提高参与生态修复的主动性和积极性。经过20多年的生态修复,鄱阳湖流域森林覆盖率由311%提高到5832%;同时探索出一条可行的技术路线：（1）通过综合科学考察,掌握生态系统受损害的状况和原因,揭示相关生态系统发育、演替的客观规律;（2）着力研究生态恢复的生态学过程与机制,寻求有效的修复方法、措施和模式;（3）自主创新、试验示范、试点先行、样板引领;（4）以生态保护和建设的大项目为载体,全面展开、系统推进     

自然保护区社区共管模式的四个维度研究

绿色发展理念和生态文明建设为自然保护区的建设与管理、发展与保护带来了新机遇.探讨了中国自然保护区事业的发展现状和建设中存在问题.从生态伦理、生态补偿、环境立法和耗散结构理论四个维度视角出发,厘清了社区共管模式的优越性和必要性.提出了构建自然保护区协调发展管理新构想,认为社区共管模式应是一种在生态法则基础上,由政府主导、社区参与、资源共享、权力均等、义务均担,生态环境有序健康演进和社区经济持续发展的双赢模式.本研究旨在为实现自然保护区社区共管的科学性提供支撑和范式.     

新质生产力的科学内涵与绿色发展

发展新质生产力是新时期推动高质量发展和美丽中国建设的内在要求和重要着力点。本文从新质生产力的科学内涵出发,探究了新质生产力与绿色生产力之间的理论逻辑。新质生产力是一种更先进的生产力质态,体现为劳动者素质提高、劳动资料改进、劳动对象拓展、科学技术进步和管理效能提升,即经济学视角中人造资本、人力资本、生态资源等不同生产要素的配置优化,核心内涵在于人力资本累积和全要素生产率对经济产出的贡献。新质生产力和绿色生产力都以人与自然和谐共生的生产力观为根基,“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”,既指明了“绿色”是新质生产力的必要条件,同时又强调了新质生产力应当促进绿色发展。新质生产力有助于促进经济绿色化和绿色经济化的进一步转变,是绿色发展的驱动力。同时,绿色新质生产力驱动绿色产业与生态产品第四产业蓬勃发展,应成为新的经济增长点。     

太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的对比研究

目的 找出太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的特点和价值。方法 基于几种典型的透明高分子材料试样,分别在佛罗里达典型亚热带潮湿环境自然曝晒、汽车外饰实验室氙灯加速耐候试验及亚利桑那太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒黄变结果相关性、加速性和区分度的对比分析,来比较这几种试验方法的特点。结果 户外加速曝晒和自然曝晒的相关性高于氙灯加速试验和自然曝晒的相关性。与自然曝晒相比,户外加速曝晒的平均加速倍率及不同试样的加速倍率的相对差异明显小于氙灯加速试验。自然曝晒和户外加速曝晒的区分度也明显大于实验室氙灯加速试验。结论 户外加速曝晒方法较好地均衡了相关性、加速性、加速一致性及区分度,适合高分子材料的验证性试验。