萨凡纳河流域TMDL计划执行案例研究

以美国萨凡纳河流域水质管理模式——最大日负荷量计划TMDL(total maximum daily load)执行案例为研究对象,简要分析了该计划内容、实施情况及效果评估,通过对该流域汞的TMDL计划的分析制定,提出了一些流域内河流汞分配的建议和方法,为今后我国在流域水环境的管理方面提供参考。     

潮汐河网水环境随机容量研究

根据潮汐河网水环境模型中水文及水质参数具有明显随机性的特点,本文建立了潮汐河网水环境随机模型,给出了随机参数的分布函数形式。用Monte-Carlo随机抽样法求解水项模型 当只抽一个样本时,随机模型的算法与确定性模型的算法一样。计算结果为水环境容量的分布函数,容量结果与保证率成一一对应关系。最后还对随机参数的分布函数形成进行了敏感性讨论。      

杞麓湖湖滨带农田排涝区农田排水入湖污染负荷研究

杞麓湖湖滨带区域西部、南部平坝区的部分围海造田形成的耕地低于湖泊正常水位,农田排水无法自流进入湖泊,必须通过排涝站人为抽水排涝。本研究旨在通过现场调查和监测,核算湖滨带农田排水入湖的污染负荷。     

用稳态法确定中国土壤的硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷

'在地理信息系统支持下,用稳态法确定了中国土壤的硫沉降临界负荷和氮沉降临界负荷.中国硫沉降临界负荷最小[<0.3 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区主要分布在东北的大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山,青藏高原南部雅鲁藏布江河谷以及云南西南部怒江和澜沧江流域,而酸沉降污染较为严重的富铝土区域,总体上都能够承受0.8～3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的酸沉降.根据硫沉降临界负荷可以将中国大致划分为东南和西北2部分,东南部大部分地区只能接受小于3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的硫沉降,而西北部普遍可以接受大于3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的硫沉降,其分界线基本上与400mm等降水量线重合.与硫沉降临界负荷的分布不同,中国氮沉降临界负荷在总体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的格局.中国氮沉降临界负荷最低[<1.0 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区分布青藏高原西部和阿拉善高原,而氮沉降临界负荷最高[>4.0 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区则包括东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原以及四川盆地等.     

2007年环胶州湾入海河流污染状况和污染物入海通量分析

根据2007年入胶州湾的7条主要河流入海断面水体污染物调查资料,分析了各条河流的水质状况,并计算了COD、氨氮、总磷和油类等污染物的入海通量。结果表明,7条河流入海断面的水质均属于劣V类,而丰水期水质较好,枯水期和平水期水质相对较差;各河流的首要污染物不同,其中,板桥坊河为COD,海泊河、李村河与楼山河为氨氮,墨水河与镰湾河为油类,大沽河为总磷。从入海通量来看,大沽河、海泊河和墨水河的COD排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量70％左右;李村河、海泊河与墨水河的氨氮排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于总磷,大沽河排放量最大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于油类,墨水河、李村河与大沽河排放量较大,占7务河流排海总量的70％以上。最后在分析各河流污染物来源的基础上,初步提出了防治水污染的相应对策和建议。     

Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in alpine forest ecosystems (northern Italy)

Throughfall and bulk precipitation chemistry were studied for five years (June 1994–May 1999) at two high elevation forest sites (Val Gerola and Val Masino) which were known to differ in terms of tree health, as assessed by live crown condition. The ion concentration of bulk precipitation samples did not differ significantly between sites, except for Mg²⁺, while the throughfall concentrations differed in the measured values of H⁺, N-NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, DOC and weak organic acids. The results of the application of the canopy exchange model indicated a higher contribution from the dry deposition of N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺ and H⁺ at Val Gerola, where the damage symptoms were more evident. In addition, the canopy leaching of Ca²⁺, K⁺ and weak organic acids were 47%, 21% and 27% higher at Val Gerola than at Val Masino. Annual SO₄²⁻ deposition fluxes (21.3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at Val Masino and 23.6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at Val Gerola) were similar to those reported for moderately polluted European and U.S. sites. Annual N loads were 13.6 and 13.1 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the bulk input, and 15.0 and 18.0 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in throughfall inputs, at Val Masino and Val Gerola, respectively. The contribution of the organic fraction to the total N atmospheric deposition load is significant, constituting 17% of the bulk flux and 40% of the throughfall flux. Measured nitrogen loads exceed the critical nutrient loads by several kg N ha⁻¹ at both stations. In particular the nitrogen throughfall load at Val Gerola was about 3 times higher than the critical values.     

北京市水环境非点源污染监测与负荷估算研究

文章对北京全市域范围开展水环境非点源污染监测以及污染负荷估算研究。监测结果表明,天然降雨氨氮、总氮污染程度高;城区典型下垫面降雨径流的有机污染十分严重,其中屋面降雨径流总氮和氨氮污染最严重,路面降雨径流COD和总磷污染最严重;下垫面降雨径流汇入城市排水管网后,由于冲洗下水道中的沉积物,使得水质污染进一步恶化。农业典型小流域面源污染对水质影响也很明显。城市非点源污染负荷估算选用SWMM暴雨径流模型,农业非点源污染负荷模型选用改进的输出系数模型,估算结果表明:城市非点源污染主要来自大气湿沉降、综合用地、路面和屋面等,农业非点源污染主要来自耕地和林地;全市污染物排放总量中,点源排放总量与非点源排放总量基本各占50％左右。为进一步挖掘污染减排空间,完善总量减排体系提供了依据。     

An empirical map of critical loads of acidity for soils in Great Britain

The method used to produce a critical load map of acidity for soils in Great Britain is described. Critical loads were assigned to the dominant soil in each 1 km grid square of the UK national grid. Mineral soils were assigned a critical load based on mineralogy and chemistry, using approaches appropriate to UK conditions. Critical loads for peat soils are based primarily on a maximum acceptable reduction of peat pH, and results from laboratory equilibration studies. The map shows that soils with small critical loads (<0.5 kmol_c ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) i.e. highly sensitive to acidic deposition, dominate in the north and west of Britain; the south and east are dominated by soils with large critical loads, with small areas of more sensitive soils associated with sandy soil-forming materials. A modified critical load map illustrates the potential impact of agricultural liming on soil critical loads.     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

A national critical loads framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment: I. Method summary

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the assistance of the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is examining the utility of a critical loads approach for evaluating atmospheric pollutant effects on sensitive ecosystems. A critical load has been defined as, “a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge.” Working in cooperation with the United Nations Economic Community for Europe’s (UN-ECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention, the EPA has developed a flexible, six-step approach for setting critical loads for a range of ecosystem types. The framework is based on regional population characteristics of the ecosystem(s) of concern. The six steps of the approach are: (1) selection of ecosystem components, indicators, and characterization of the resource; (2) definition of functional subregions; (3) characterization of deposition within each of the subregions; (4) definition of an assessment end point; (5) selection and application of models; and (6) mapping projected ecosystem responses. The approach allows for variable ecosystem characteristics and data availability. Specific recognition of data and model uncertainties is an integral part of the process, and the use of multiple models to obtain ranges of critical loads estimates for each ecosystem component in a region is encouraged. Through this intercomparison process uncertainties in critical loads projections can be estimated. The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with Man Tech Environmental Technology, Inc. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse ment or recommendation for use.