舰船波浪载荷响应特性及砰击载荷影响因素分析

目的 获取波浪载荷特征,提供准确的设计载荷输入,为舰船结构设计服务。方法 采用波浪载荷水池模型试验和理论预报对比的方法,给出波浪载荷传递函数响应曲线,验证理论预报结果的正确性。基于长期预报结果,分析波浪载荷沿船长的分布规律,通过改变超越概率和舰船装载状态,研究二者对波浪载荷的影响。基于模型试验结果,阐释航速引起的砰击弯矩的变化规律。之后,通过改变舷侧外伸平台的宽度、角度、高度等参数,分析参数变化对砰击载荷的影响,揭示波浪载荷的变化规律。结果 模型试验结果同理论预报结果吻合较好。垂向剪力、扭矩长期预报结果沿船长呈现双峰值形状,垂向弯矩和水平弯矩长期预报结果沿船长呈现抛物线形状,波浪载荷长期预报结果随超越概率呈大致线性变化关系。大波高、高航速试验工况下,船体弯矩呈现特别明显的非线性特征,舷侧外伸平台宽度越大、角度越小、高度越低,砰击载荷就越严重。结论 波高、航速等对砰击弯矩的影响显著,舰船在使用过程中,若要减少砰击的发生,可考虑规避大浪和主动减速。在舰船结构设计阶段,若要减小舷侧外伸平台产生的砰击载荷分量,应从平台的大小、位置、角度等参数的设计确定入手。     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅱ)--蓄水后污染负荷预测

在文献\[1\]基础上,预测三峡水库2010年和2015年的入库污染负荷。采用包络线法预测排污得到有效控制的低负荷水平（最佳状态）,排污继续恶化到一定限度的高负荷水平（最坏状态）,以及按正常排污介于高、低负荷水平之间的中负荷水平（一般状态）。在预测入库污染负荷时,把长江、嘉陵江、乌江进入的背景水质污染负荷分为天然背景负荷和上游贡献负荷,天然背景负荷保持不变,上游贡献负荷根据上游水污染控制规划按高、中、低负荷水平预测。预测表明,库区内的污染负荷占入库总污染负荷的比例较小。中负荷水平下,库区污染源占入库总负荷的比例为8.50%～22.93％。污染负荷主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游的贡献和天然背景负荷。在低、中、高三种负荷水平下,扣除天然背景值时,2010年低负荷水平时BOD5库区负荷占28.8％、中负荷占32.5％、高负荷占35.04％。总磷出现反常,库区的总磷的污染负荷在低负荷水平下,所占入库负荷的比例高于中负荷水平、但小于高负荷水平。2010年、2015年库区的主要污染物质和污染负荷排放分布与现状（1998年）基本相同。主要排污区域为重庆主城区,2010年预测重庆主城区CODCr负荷占库区总负荷的比例,高、中、低负荷水平分别为：39.6%、36.2％、21.6％,低负荷比高负荷降低18％。库区的主要污染源为农业面源,2010年库区农业面源中CODCr负荷占总负荷的比例在高、中、低负荷水平下分别为：38.9%、47.5％、70.4％。同时,随着库区社会经济发展,污染负荷有逐步增大的趋势,到2015年所有污染物及负荷水平,均大于2010年和1998年。     

Forest biomass accumulation is an important source of acidity to forest soils: Data from Swedish inventories of forests and soils 1955 to 2010

The input of acidity to Swedish forest soils through forestry between 1955 and 2010 is compared with the acid input from atmospheric deposition. Depending on region, input of acidity from forestry was the minor part (25–45%) of the study period’s accumulated acid input but is now the dominating source (140–270 mol_c ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The net uptake of cations due to the increase in standing forest biomass, ranged between 35 and 45% of the forestry related input of acidity while whole-tree harvesting, introduced in the late 1990s, contributed only marginally (< 2%). The geographical gradient in acid input is reflected in the proportion of acidified soils in Sweden but edaphic properties contribute to variations in acidification sensitivity. It is important to consider the acid input due to increases in standing forest biomass in acidification assessments since it is long-term and quantitatively important.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01540-y.     

温度冲击试验设备实现途径及热负荷分析

结合试验指标要求,对温度冲击试验设备实现途径进行分析比较,选择两箱式作为试验设备的实现方式;对设备组成结构及制冷、加热流程进行阐述,并对温度冲击试验过程中两种制冷状态下的热负荷进行了分析计算。     

酸沉降临界负荷计算模式的修正

酸沉降临界负荷是酸沉降水平的函数,不同酸沉降水平下,矿物风化速率有数量级差别,在因此,酸沉降临界负荷的计算应先使用判别方程计算平衡ＰＨ值,然后确定采用何种方法计算,在欧洲可以直接采用动态模式计算临界负荷,是因为其酸沉水平能满足判别方程成立,但在中国大多数情况下不成立。     

Influence of ground tire rubber on the transient loading response of a peat biofilter

The effect of using ground tire rubber (GTR) as an adsorptive material in the removal of a 2:1:1 weight mixture of n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene by using a peat biofilter under different intermittent conditions was investigated. The performance of two identical size biofilters, one packed with fibrous peat alone and the other with a 3:1 (vol) fibrous peat and GTR mixture, was examined for a period of four months. Partition coefficients of both materials were measured. Values of 53, 118 and 402 L kg(-1) were determined for n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene in peat, respectively; and values of 40, 609 and 3035 L kg(-1) were measured for the same compounds in GTR. Intermittent load feeding of 16 h per day, 5 days per week working at an EBRT of 60 s and an inlet VOC concentration of 0.3 g C m(-1), resulted in removal efficiencies higher than 90% for both biofilters, indicating that the addition of GTR did not adversely affect the behavior of the bioreactor. Full removal of n-butyl acetate was obtained for both biofilters. GTR improved the removal of the aromatics in the first part of the biofilter, facilitating lower penetration of the toluene and m-xylene into the bed. A 31-day starvation period was applied and intermittent operation subsequently restarted. In both biofilters, high removal efficiencies after a re-acclimation period of two days were achieved. A shock loading test related to 1-h peaks of three- and four-fold increases in its baseline concentration (0.30 g C m(-3)) was applied in both biofilters. For the biofilter packed with the peat and GTR mixture, attenuation greater than 60% was observed in the maximum outlet concentration when compared to the biofilter packed with peat alone.     

水平冲击对单元货物的影响

对分隔式单元货物和单件组合式单元货物进行了水平冲击试验。根据试验结果,分析了在托盘尺寸、中空结构、结构不紧凑等单元货物结构上存在的问题。提出了单元货物包装结构设计的建议。     

我国东部河流水文水质对气候变化响应的研究

基于A2和B2气候变化情景,采用统计降尺度模型SDSM,将由3个国际上流行的大气环流模式GCMs(Had CM3、CSIRO-Mk2和CGCM2)模拟的未来我国东部长乐江流域的气温和降水,与水土评价模型SWAT相耦合,分析了该流域水文水质对气候变化的响应,并比较了3个大气环流模式模拟结果的异同.结果表明,所有气候情景下,TN浓度有明显的升高趋势;TP浓度有增有减,总体上仍呈微弱增加趋势.河川径流呈微弱减少趋势,而营养物负荷量呈微弱增加趋势,说明该流域水文水质状况受气温升高的影响大于降水微弱增加的影响.另外,在不同的气候变化情景下,年内径流和营养物负荷变化情况存在较大差异.研究结果可为理解河流水环境对气候变化的响应及其应对管理提供理论依据.     

Assessing the Impacts of E. coli Laden Streambed Sediment on E. coli Loads over a Range of Flows and Sediment Characteristics

Understanding sediment Escherichia coli levels (i.e., pathogen indicators) and their contribution to the water column during resuspension is critical for predicting in‐stream E. coli levels and the potential risk to human health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's current water quality testing strategies, however, rely on water borne E. coli concentrations to assess stream E. coli levels and identify impaired waters. In this work, we conducted a scenario analysis using a range of flows, sediment/water bacteria fractions, and particle sizes to which E. coli attach to assess the impact of E. coli in streambed sediments on water column E. coli levels. We used simple sediment transport theory to calculate the potential total E. coli concentrations in a stream with and without the resuspension process. Results clearly indicate that inclusion of resuspending sediment attached E. coli is necessary for watershed assessments and data on sediment attached E. coli concentrations is much needed. When neglecting the streambed sediment E. coli concentrations, the model predicted average E. coli loads of 10⁷ Colony Forming Units (CFU)/s; however, when streambed sediment E. coli concentrations were included in the model, the predictions ranged from 10¹⁰ to 10¹⁴ CFU/s. To evaluate the predictions, E. coli data in the streambed sediment and the water column were monitored in Squaw Creek, Iowa. Comparisons between measured and predicted E. coli loads yielded an R²‐value of 0.85.     

围压卸荷条件下砂岩损伤与动态破碎特性研究

为研究深部高应力岩体开挖卸荷对围岩的影响,运用自制的带轴向静压和围压装置的霍普金森压杆(SHPB)设备,开展不同速度围压卸荷试验。结合围压卸荷过程砂岩试样声发射特性及动态加载后试样破碎块度分维特性,分析围压卸荷速率对试样损伤的影响。试验结果表明:当卸荷速率在0.5～10 MPa/s范围内变化时,砂岩损伤、声发射能量及破碎分形维数随围压卸荷速率增大而增大;但当卸荷速率增大到200 MPa/s时,砂岩损伤、声发射能量及破碎分形维数反而减小。在一定范围内提高围压卸荷速率,有助于提高砂岩试样裂隙发育及损伤程度。