飞机重载大变形伸缩变体机构动力学仿真研究

目的为适应先进战斗机外形变体需求,设计复杂严重载荷环境下的伸缩机构,在整体弯曲、扭转等大变形条件下发挥支持变体运动和传递大载荷的系统功能。方法针对此类重载大变形伸缩机构,构建一种结合机构动力学和结构动力学的仿真分析方法,综合考虑运动过程中整体刚度分布变化带来的载荷、运动传递特性变化,以及局部轮轨运动组件的接触动力学细节,开展伸缩过程中的动力学仿真。结果计算获取了整个伸缩机构在严重外载荷下的伸缩过程运动参数变化和机构动响应,与典型盒段带载伸缩运动试验测试相比,机构连接交点载荷最大值的计算误差不超过7.9%,自由端位移最大值的计算误差不超过13.2%。结论建立的方法为各组件的传动传载性能优化和结构强度设计分析提供了一种可靠高效的仿真手段,对于变体飞机伸缩运动部件的结构/机构一体化设计有重要的应用价值。     

A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.     

On the Assessment of Sulphur Deposition on Forests Growing Over the Areas of Industrial Impact

A method of calculation of sulphur deposition values on forests subjectto long-term industrial influence is presented. Investigations wereconducted in the vicinities of nickel smelters of Kola peninsula. Sulphurdioxide (SO₂) is the major phytotoxicant emitted by theseenterprises. Depositions of sulphur were calculated on the basis of ground air layer pollution. To determine it a mathematical model was applied.Field surveys of forest ecosystems response to air contamination werecarried out and areas of different forest damage degree were identified.More than 4300 km² of the territory of Kola peninsula isunder the impact of nickel enterprises. Average SO₂concentration over the area of slight damage to forests is about 20µg/m³. It corresponds to the critical level proposed for forest ecosystems (UN ECE, 1993). Sulphur deposition over thearea of slight damage varies from 0.6 to 1.0 g/m²yr^-1 for coniferous forests. For deciduous forests it isabout 1.0 g/m² yr^-1. These values are close totarget loads for highly sensitive ecosystems (Nilsson et al., 1991), but they exceed critical loads for the northern regions of Europe (Downing etal., 1993).     

Estimation of Critical Loads of Acidity for Lakes in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada

The New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) adopted the Acid Rain Action Plan in June 1998, and issued a series of action items to support its work toward a reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions in northeastern North America. One of these action items was the preparation of an updated critical load map using data from lakes in the NEG/ECP area. Critical load maps provide a more complete index of the surface water sensitivity to acidification. Combined sulfur and nitrogen critical loads and deposition exceedances were computed using Henriksen's Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model. Results show that 28% of all 2053 lakes studied have a critical load of 20 kg/ha/year or less, making them vulnerable to acid deposition. Emission reductions, and more specifically SO₂ emission reductions have proven beneficial because critical loads were exceeded in 2002 for 12.3% of all studied lakes. Those lakes are located in the more sensitive areas where geology is carbonate-poor. Of these lakes, 2.9% will never recover even with a complete removal of SO₄ deposition. Recovery from acidification for the remaining 9.4% of the lakes will require additional emission SO₂ reductions.     

An empirical map of critical loads of acidity for soils in Great Britain

The method used to produce a critical load map of acidity for soils in Great Britain is described. Critical loads were assigned to the dominant soil in each 1 km grid square of the UK national grid. Mineral soils were assigned a critical load based on mineralogy and chemistry, using approaches appropriate to UK conditions. Critical loads for peat soils are based primarily on a maximum acceptable reduction of peat pH, and results from laboratory equilibration studies. The map shows that soils with small critical loads (<0.5 kmol_c ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) i.e. highly sensitive to acidic deposition, dominate in the north and west of Britain; the south and east are dominated by soils with large critical loads, with small areas of more sensitive soils associated with sandy soil-forming materials. A modified critical load map illustrates the potential impact of agricultural liming on soil critical loads.     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

崂山风景区酸沉降临界负荷的计算

近年来,崂山风景区酸雨频率虽然呈降低趋势,但酸沉降对景区生态环境仍存在潜在的威胁。本文基于不同标准,应用简单质量平衡(SMB)法,确定了崂山土壤的酸沉降临界负荷。结果表明:崂山的酸度临界负荷、潜在酸度临界负荷、氮临界负荷、硫临界负荷和地表水酸度临界负荷分别为1.53 keq/(hm2.a),0.32 keq/(hm2.a),0.47 keq/(hm2.a),2.84 keq/(hm2.a),0.44 keq/(hm2.a),确定了风景区生态环境对酸沉降的最大允许负荷,从而为控制酸性物质的排放量提供了理论依据。     

ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW,BASE FLOW,AND NITRATE‐NITROGEN LOADS IN IOWA USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS1

Nineteen variables, including precipitation, soils and geology, land use, and basin morphologic characteristics, were evaluated to develop Iowa regression models to predict total streamflow (Q), base flow (Qb), storm flow (Qs) and base flow percentage (%Qb) in gauged and ungauged watersheds in the state. Discharge records from a set of 33 watersheds across the state for the 1980 to 2000 period were separated into Qb and Qs. Multiple linear regression found that 75.5 percent of long term average Q was explained by rainfall, sand content, and row crop percentage variables, whereas 88.5 percent of Qb was explained by these three variables plus permeability and floodplain area variables. Qs was explained by average rainfall and %Qb was a function of row crop percentage, permeability, and basin slope variables. Regional regression models developed for long term average Q and Qb were adapted to annual rainfall and showed good correlation between measured and predicted values. Combining the regression model for Q with an estimate of mean annual nitrate concentration, a map of potential nitrate loads in the state was produced. Results from this study have important implications for understanding geomorphic and land use controls on streamflow and base flow in Iowa watersheds and similar agriculture dominated watersheds in the glaciated Midwest.     

含环向裂纹管道三通的塑性失效载荷

采用弹塑性有限元方法，系统分析了内压载荷下含环向裂纹管道三通的塑性失效载荷。探讨了管道三通塑性失效有限元分析中的建模技术，包括变形参量选取，网格收敛性研究等。给出了塑性失效载荷随裂纹尺寸变化的规律，以及不同裂纹位置(包括肩部和腹部)对三通塑性失效载荷的影响。最后根据有限元数值解建立了简单的塑性失效载荷估算式，研究结果可为下一步含缺陷管件完整性评定提供参考数据。     

APPLICATIONS OF A STEADY-STATE,ONE-DIMENSIONAL WATER QUALITY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A steady-state, one-dimensional water quality model has been formulated to evaluate spatial variations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen for nontidal, branched river systems, with point sources of treated wastes and uniform nonpoint-source loads, under aerobic and/or anaerobic stream conditions. For anaerobic conditions, the decay rate of organic matter is assumed to be limited by the rate of oxygen addition to the streams via stream reaeration and net algal photosynthesis and respiration contributions. The model is applicable to stream impact analysis under sustained wet weather conditions, during which storm-runoff loads are generated by storms of sufficiently long duration to approach steady state in the river system.