非均质土层中单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的数值分析

运用土动力学和结构动力学原理,基于改进的Winkler地基梁模型,同时考虑桩侧土的弱化效应和地基土层的成层非均质性,采用数理方程方法分别求解土与桩的振动方程,建立了水平荷载作用下单桩侧向简谐动力响应特性分析的计算力学模型和方法,并将所得结果与有限元计算结果进行对比分析,验证了所提出的计算方法的合理性。通过对影响单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的各相关参数进行变动参数分析,总结出了各影响参数对单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的一般影响规律。     

DETERMINING NUTRIENT EXPORT COEFFICIENTS AND SOURCE LOADING UNCERTAINTY USING IN‐STREAM MONITORING DATA1

ABSTRACT: Over a three‐year period, flow and nutrients were monitored at 13 sites in the upper North Bosque River watershed in Texas. Drainage areas above sampling sites differed in percent of dairy waste application fields, forage fields, wood/range, and urban land area. A multiple regression approach was used to develop total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) export coefficients for the major land uses in these heterogeneous drainage areas. The largest export coefficients were associated with dairy waste application fields followed by urban, forage fields, and wood/range. An empirical model was then established to assess nutrient contribution by major sources using developed export coefficients and point source loadings from municipal wastewater treatment. This model was verified by comparison of estimated loadings to measured in‐stream data. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were applied to provide an uncertainty analysis for nutrient loads by source, based on the variance associated with each export coefficient. The largest sources of nutrients contributing to the upper North Bosque River were associated with dairy waste application fields and forage fields, while the greatest relative uncertainty in source contribution was associated with loadings from urban and wood/range land uses.     

板梁桥“单板受力”的数值分析

目前 ,在小跨径的公路桥涵中普遍出现了“单板受力”问题 ,给行车安全带来了隐患。针对这一现象 ,笔者主要借助有限元软件ANSYS对板梁桥的“单板受力”现象进行了数值模拟。首先 ,采用梁单元建立板梁桥的仿真模型 ,分析了不同跨径板梁的荷载横向分布规律 ;然后 ,根据板梁桥的受力特性和造成“单板受力”的原因 ,提出了缓解和避免“单板受力”的 5种加固方案 ,并采用实体单元建立板梁桥的空间模型 ,比较并分析了各加固方案位移、应力等力学性能 ;随后 ,详细分析了铰缝处混凝土的横向应力分布规律 ,并建议应采用新老混凝土之间的粘结强度作为标准校核铰缝的横向应力 ;最终 ,根据各加固方案的优缺点 ,提出了解决“单板受力”问题的可行方案。     

起重机结构疲劳剩余寿命评估方法研究

针对机械结构的主要破坏形式——疲劳破坏,以桥式起重机焊接箱形主梁为研究对象,根据断裂力学Paris-Erdogan方程,结合Miner疲劳损伤累积理论,应用实验所得数据,推导出疲劳剩余寿命公式。采集不同类型,不同额定起重量起重机一段时间内相应起重量的工作次数数据,以模拟出危险点处相应的载荷谱。以VC++为开发平台,研制完成桥式起重机疲劳剩余寿命评估软件。该软件可模拟实现普通、铸造桥式起重机的疲劳剩余寿命估算,并与实验结果进行比较,表明具有较高的吻合性和实用性。     

TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE LOXAHATCHEE RIVER ESTUARY,SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA, 1979–811

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon in the Loxahatchee River estuary decreased with increasing salinity in a manner indicating that mixing and dilution of freshwater by seawater was the primary process controlling the down-stream concentrations of nutrients. Most of the nutrients in the surface freshwater inflows entered the estuary from five major tributaries; however, about 10 percent of the total nitrogen and 32 percent of the total phosphorus were from urban stormwater runoff. The input of nutrients was highly seasonal and storm related. During a 61-day period of above average rainfall that included Tropical Storm Dennis, the major tributaries discharged 2.7 metric tons of total phosphorus, 75 metric tons of total nitrogen, and 1,000 metric tons of organic carbon to the estuary. This period accounted for more than half of the total nutrient load from the major tributaries during the 1981 water year (October 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981). Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen increased relative to total phosphorus and nitrogen during storm runoff. Nutrient yield from the basin, expressed as grams per square meter of basin area, was relatively low. However, because the basin area (544 square kilometers) is large compared with the volume of the estuary, the basin might be expected to contribute significantly to estuarine enrichment were it not for tidal flushing. Approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the estuary is flushed on each tide. Because the estuary is well flushed, it probably has a large tolerance for nutrient loading.     

STORM WATER RUNOFF QUALITY FROM THREE LAND-USE AREAS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Storm water runoff studies of three small basins (20, 40, and 58 acres) in the Fort Lauderdale area of Florida were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1974–78. The basins were homogeneously developed with land uses being: commercial, single family residential, and high traffic volume highway. Synchronized data were collected for rainfall, storm water discharge, storm water quality, and bulk precipitation (rainfall plus dry fallout) quality. Analysis of the storm water discharge data showed that most runoff was from impervious areas hydraulically connected to drain inlets. Regression analyses of the storm water discharge and water quality data indicated that storm loads from the single family residential area correlated strongly with peak discharge and length of antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the highway area correlated strongly with rainfall and less strongly with peak discharge and antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the commercial area correlated strongly with peak discharge and rainfall, and less strongly with antecedent dry periods. On a unit area basis, the single family residential area yielded the largest loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. The commercial area yielded the largest loads of lead, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand. Yields of carbon were about the same for the three areas. Constituent loadings derived directly from the atmosphere were estimated on the basis of bulk precipitation samples and compared with storm runoff loads from the highway and commercial areas.     

Total pollution effects of urban surface runoff

e values of MFFn (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runoff volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to enable more effective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

沸石负载壳聚糖对铬（Ⅵ）的吸附平衡和动力学研究

采用沸石负载壳聚糖作为吸附剂,对溶液中铬（Ⅵ）的吸附平衡和吸附动力学进行了研究。结果表明,溶液中铬（Ⅵ）在沸石负载壳聚糖上的等温吸附数据符合Freundlich模型;吸附体系属于物理吸附,吸附状态属于多层吸附;吸附行为符合二级速率方程。     

冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地水流规律研究

在示踪剂试验的基础上,利用水力停留时间分布（RTD）,探讨了冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地的水流规律.结果表明：水平潜流人工湿地在恒定负荷和冲击负荷条件下的实际平均停留时间均大于表观停留时间,混合效应是导致流态偏离理想推流态的主要原因;水力冲击使入流污染物（包括冲击前、冲击中以及冲击后进入的污染物）在系统内部的接触反应时间缩短,其中峰值时间、最短停留时间和实际平均停留时间的相对大小依次均为：恒定负荷＞冲击负荷后＞冲击负荷前＞冲击负荷中;采用基于动态流量的时间变量进行归一化处理后的RTD对人工湿地所处的水力负     

北京平原区地下水污染源识别与危害性分级

地下水污染源的有效识别与分级对地下水污染风险源识别和地下水污染防控区划具有重要意义.本研究通过对北京市平原区主要污染源进行解析,构建了以特征污染物属性与污染物排放量计算污染源危害性的量化计算方法.运用ARCGIS 9.3软件实现了北京市平原区的污染负荷空间分布和污染物属性的叠加分析,得到地下水污染源识别与危害性分级.结果表明,该方法能够较为细致准确地反映出污染源的危害性分级,识别结果表明工业污染源对北京平原区地下水污染贡献最大,其次是城镇居民区和垃圾场.