商业建筑火灾荷载调查与统计分析研究

科技的发展促使火灾模拟应用于火灾安全设计中。火灾模拟结果的准确与否取决于火灾场景的选取与设计火灾的合理性。火灾荷载是判断建筑室内火灾危险程度的依据,也是火灾模拟中设计火灾的重要内容。调查了在廊坊、长治、郑州及天津4个城市的117家零售类商业店铺火灾荷载情况,调查的对象包括快餐店、服装店、鞋店等商业零售店铺。针对这些店铺常见的可燃物形式,确定了5种可燃物,分析了它们在总火灾荷载中的比重。     

污染负荷分配计算的方法研究

从技术与政策相结合的角度,对废水污染负荷分配计算的技术方法进行探讨。从可分配的水环境容量的概念出发,建立污染负荷分配相关关系。针对若干不同的污染负荷分配方法,推演出相应的污染负荷分配计算模型。      

NUTRIENTS DISCHARGED TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FROM EASTERN IOWA WATERSHEDS, 1996.19971

ABSTRACT: The introduction of nutrients from chemical fertilizer, animal manure, wastewater, and atmospheric deposition to the eastern Iowa environment creates a large potential for nutrient transport in watersheds. Agriculture constitutes 93 percent of all land use in eastern Iowa. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, water samples were collected (typically monthly) from six small and six large watersheds in eastern Iowa between March 1996 and September 1997. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to determine land use and quantify inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus within the study area. Streamliow from the watersheds is to the Mississippi River. Chemical fertilizer and animal manure account for 92 percent of the estimated total nitrogen and 99.9 percent of the estimated total phosphorus input in the study area. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads for 1996 were estimated for nine of the 12 rivers and creeks using a minimum variance unbiased estimator model. A seasonal pattern of concentrations and loads was observed. The greatest concentrations and loads occur in the late spring to early summer in conjunction with row‐crop fertilizer applications and spring nmoff and again in the late fall to early winter as vegetation goes into dormancy and additional fertilizer is applied to row‐crop fields. The three largest rivers in eastern Iowa transported an estimated total of 79,000 metric tons of total nitrogen and 6,800 metric tons of total phosphorus to the Mississippi River in 1996. The estimated mass of total nitrogen and total phosphorus transported to the Mississippi River represents about 19 percent of all estimated nitrogen and 9 percent of all estimated phosphorus input to the study area.     

Uncertainties in integrated assessment modelling of abatement strategies: illustrations with the ASAM model

Following the signing of the Second Sulphur Protocol in 1994 under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, preparations are now underway for a new multi-pollutant multi-effects protocol, under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE). A number of scientific models have been used to provide policy makers involved in these preparations with sound scientific information. These include the Abatement Strategies Assessment Model (ASAM). ASAM has recently been extended to cover abatement strategies for NH₃ and NOx as well as SO₂, in order to address the amelioration of acidification and eutrophication in the ECE region. It is important to be able to demonstrate that the scientific information provided to policy makers is robust to uncertainties, and hence there is a need for a thorough sensitivity analysis. In this study ASAM is used to demonstrate a large degree of robustness of derived abatement strategies to uncertainties in critical loads, meteorological data and cost information. This is based on a comparison of strategies at the same overall abatement cost. Systematic changes in data are shown to influence model results more profoundly than random changes.     

Measurement of gas detonation blast loads in semiconfined geometry

The ignition and explosion of combustible vapor clouds represents a significant hazard across a range of industries. In this work, a new set of gas detonations experiments were performed to provide benchmark blast loading data for non-trivial geometry and explosion cases. The experiments were designed to represent two different accident scenarios: one where ignition of the vapor cloud occurs shortly after release and another where ignition is delayed and a fuel concentration gradient is allowed to develop. The experiments focused on hydrogen-air and methane-oxygen detonations in a semiconfined enclosure with TNT equivalencies ranging from 9 g to 1.81 kg. High-rate pressure transducers were used to record the blast loads imparted on the interior walls of a 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 1.8 m test fixture. Measurements included detonation wave velocity, peak overpressure, impulse, and positive phase duration. A comparison of the pressure and impulse measurements with several VCE models is provided. Results show that even for the most simplified experimental configuration, the simplified VCE models fail to provide predictions of the blast loading on the internal walls of the test fixture. It is shown that the confinement geometry of the experiment resulted in multiple blast wave reflections during the initial positive phase duration portion of the blast loading, and thus, significantly larger blast impulse values were measured than those predicted by analytical models. For the pressure sensors that experienced normally-reflect blast waves for the initial blast impulse, the Baker-Strehlow and TNT equivalency models still struggled to accurately capture the peak overpressure and reflected impulse. The TNO multi-energy model, however, performed better for the case of simple normally-reflected blast waves. The results presented here may be used as validation data for future model or simulation development.     

非均质地层中压力集中型预应力锚索受力分析研究

实际锚固工程中锚固体往往处于非均质地层中,通过将锚固体处理为一系列与地层条件相匹配的锚固子单元,建立了各锚固子单元的受力分析模型,利用各锚固子单元之间的相互作用关系建立了非均质地层中压力集中型预应力锚索锚固体受力分析方法,编写了相应的计算分析程序,并进一步通过算例证明了本文所提出的计算方法和程序的正确性。最后,通过对一压力集中型预应力锚索的受力分析成果与现场测试结果的对比,表明本文提出的分析方法和程序是可行的。     

三峡水库蓄水运用期化学需氧量和氨氮污染负荷研究

根据三峡工程生态与环境监测系统污染源监测资料和相关研究成果,分析了库区化学需氧量（CODCr）和氨氮总污染负荷现状及历年变化情况,结果表明三峡水库污染负荷主要来源于上游。近5 a来,进入三峡水库的CODCr污染负荷平均为528.6万t/a,氨氮负荷平均为7.28万t/a,其中上游来水和库区CODCr负荷约为443.2万t/a和85.42万t/a,分别占83.8%和16.2%;上游来水和库区氨氮负荷约为4.75万t/a和253万t/a,分别占652%和348%。废污水及其污染物排放主要来源于重庆主城区。1997~2009年,尤其是三峡水库蓄水运用期内,库区废污水排放总量随库区社会经济快速发展而显著增加,但主要污染物CODCr和氨氮排放量增加态势得到了有效遏制,尤其是生活污水中的COD Cr排放量呈下降趋势,说明一系列环境保护政策与措施取得了明显效果。尽管如此,库区和上游水污染防治仍然不容疏忽     

Quantifying Reductions of Mass‐Failure Frequency and Sediment Loadings From Streambanks Using Toe Protection and Other Means: Lake Tahoe,United States1

Abstract: Streambank erosion by mass‐failure processes represents an important form of channel adjustment and a significant source of sediment in disturbed streams. Mass failures regularly occur by a combination of hydraulic processes that undercut bank toes and geotechnical processes that cause bank collapse by gravity. Little if any quantitative information is available on the effectiveness of bank treatments on reducing erosion. To evaluate potential reduction in sediment loadings emanating from streambanks, the hydraulic and geotechnical processes responsible for mass failure were simulated under existing and mitigated conditions using a Bank‐Stability and Toe‐Erosion Model (BSTEM). Two critical erosion sites were selected from each of the three watersheds known to contribute the greatest amounts of fine sediment by streambank processes in the Lake Tahoe Basin. A typical high‐flow annual hydrograph was selected for analysis. Bank‐material strength data were collected for each layer as were species‐specific root‐reinforcement values. The effects of the first flow event on bank‐toe erosion were simulated using an excess shear‐stress approach. The resulting geometry was then exported into the bank‐stability submodel to test for the relative stability of the bank under peak flow and drawdown conditions. In this way, BSTEM was used iteratively for all flow events for both existing and mitigated conditions. On average, 13.6% of the material was eroded by hydraulic shear, the remainder by mass failures, which occurred about five times over the simulation period. Simulations with 1.0 m‐high rock‐toe protection showed a dramatic reduction in streambank erosion (69‐100%). Failure frequency for the simulation period was reduced in most cases to a single episode. Thus, an almost 90% reduction in streambank loadings was achieved by virtually eliminating the erosion of only 14% of the material that was entrained by hydraulic forces. Consequently, simulations show average load reductions of about an order of magnitude. Results stress the critical importance of protecting the bank toe‐region from steepening by hydraulic forces that would otherwise entrain previously failed and in situ bank materials, thereby allowing the upper bank to flatten (by failure) to a stable slope.     

Evaluation of approaches to calculate critical metal loads for forest ecosystems

This paper evaluates approaches to calculate acceptable loads for metal deposition to forest ecosystems, distinguishing between critical loads, stand-still loads and target loads. We also evaluated the influence of including the biochemical metal cycle on the calculated loads. Differences are illustrated by examples of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for a deciduous forest on five major soil types in the Netherlands. Stand-still loads are generally lower than critical loads, which in turn are lower than the target loads indicating that present levels are below critical levels. Uncertainties in the calculated critical loads are mainly determined by the uncertainty in the critical limits and the chemical speciation model. Including the metal cycle has a small effect on the calculated critical loads. Results are discussed in view of the applicability of the critical load concept for metals in future protocols on the reduction in metal emissions.     

人工湿地对城市住宅区降雨径流中铅的去除效果研究

根据重庆市棕榈泉住宅区雨水径流处理人工湿地的进水特点和运行特点,考察了该人工湿地恒定负荷下对铅的长期去除效果和单场降雨冲击负荷下铅的去除效果。结果表明,住宅区径流中铅浓度随季节性降雨特征变化明显,主要以非溶解态存在。在平均HRT为56 h的日常进水负荷下,人工湿地对铅长期表现出明显而稳定的去除作用,平均去除率达到84.9%,去除负荷达到10.5 mg/(m2.d),出水浓度和去除率受季节变化影响不明显。铅浓度在人工湿地内沿程下降,湿地系统前端潜流床内的去除作用最为明显。在冲击负荷分别为7.3和8.7倍日常负荷、持续时间分别为1.5和2.5 h的两场降雨中,人工湿地铅平均去除率分别为73.22%和38.12%。人工湿地对暴雨高冲击负荷具有明显的缓冲作用,对铅的去除效果受单场降雨进水流量曲线、进水水质曲线以及雨前储存容积大小的影响明显。