Consequences of manganese compounds: a review

Manufacturing of manganese (Mn) compounds, their industrial applications as well as mining overburden, has generated a potential environmental pollutant. Occupational exposure to elevated levels of Mn occurs during mining, welding, smelting and other industrial anthropogenic sources. Chronic and acute exposure of this metal pollutant leads to adverse consequences and is clinically categorized by various symptoms of neurotoxicity including cognitive, psychiatric symptoms, Parkinson's disease, extra pyramidal signs, manganism, dystonia, and motor system dysfunction. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible mechanism underlying Mn compounds-mediated neurotoxicity leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Our review endeavours to examine recent advances in research on Mn-related environmental pollution, Mn-induced poisoning, molecular mechanisms underlying Mn-induced neurotoxicity with case studies as well as current approaches employed for treatment and prevention of Mn exposure.     

中小企业职业危害现状及对策

目前我国的职业病统计以大中型企业为主,小企业和私人企业作为职业病高发场所则缺乏有效监管。通过对600余家各类中小企业进行调查,根据各行业存在的主要职业有害因素,分析了中小企业职业危害现状以及企业的职业安全与健康管理体系建设情况,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

高危岗位矿工工作倦怠影响因素的结构方程模型

为探索高危岗位矿工工作倦怠形成机制,寻求合理的干预对策,在文献研究和实地调研基础上,提出矿工工作倦怠假设模型。采用多阶段分层随机抽样法,对1 800名高危岗位矿工进行问卷调查,并借助结构方程模型(SEM)技术验证假设模型。研究表明:组织管理和角色压力均正向影响工作倦怠,工作特征仅正向影响生理疲乏;社会支持是工作压力源到工作倦怠的中介变量;消极应对是工作压力源到工作倦怠的部分中介变量,其中介效应较社会支持大很多;工作压力源通过影响社会支持再影响应对方式进而正向影响工作倦怠。通过有效干预组织管理和角色压力可减缓工作倦怠。     

农业职业安全与健康分析研究

我国农业产业化经营已步入持续发展和提高的新阶段,农业生产维护中的安全与健康问题应给予更高的关注。本文对农业机械维护和基础设施维护中存在的风险与危害及其对健康的影响进行了描述与分析,提出了预防措施。     

纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤研究进展

随着纳米技术的不断发展,纳米材料被广泛地应用于工业、农业、食品和医药卫生等领域.一些原本无毒或低毒的材料,当粒径达到纳米级时,毒性明显增强.纳米二氧化钛广泛应用于化妆品和工业产品中,它对生物系统的影响受到了世界广泛的关注.目前就纳米二氧化钛整体和体外生物效应或安全性已经进行了大量的研究.本文围绕纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤的研究进展及挑战进行综述.认为纳米二氧化钛粒径与损伤之间的关系还不十分明确,今后还需进一步探索纳米材料与生物分子、细胞的相互作用及其过程.     

安全管理绩效模糊综合评价研究

传统定性的检查和评价很难量化、科学的衡量企业的安全管理绩效,而且安全管理涉及到多个因素,同时各因素也占有不同的权重。将多级模糊综合评价方法应用到安全管理绩效的评价中,以职业健康安全管理体系里的一级、二级管理要素为基础,通过建立评价的因素集、评价集、权重集等,提出了利用模糊综合评价对企业安全管理绩效进行评价的具体方法。并通过实例对该方法进行了系统的分析说明,得出企业安全管理绩效的等级,表明该评价方法科学、可行。     

浅谈油气田生产企业职业病危害防治体系的建立

采油采气过程中普遍存在噪声、毒物等职业病危害因素,对员工的健康安全具有很大的危害,也是造成职业病的根源。本文详细阐述了石油上游企业存在的职业病危害现状,分析了建立职业健康监管体系的方法,并对职业病防治措施进行了研究。     

澳门建造业职业安全健康管理

近年来,澳门积极发展多项大型工程项目,包括轻轨工程、港珠澳大桥澳门段和政府公共房屋,以及未来新城填海计划和参与横琴开发项目等,需要大量的人力资源投入、复杂施工与技术要求以及职业安全健康管理的全面配合,对各项工程的安全与技术上的挑战,为迎接本澳第二个建筑兴旺期做好准备。而澳门如何通过以上项目发挥区域合作模式,提升澳门地区的职业安全健康文化,值得深思。劳工事务局近年分别向本澳建造业推出"承造商的建筑工程职业安全健康评分制度"与"建造业安全施工奖励计划",透过以承造商职业安全健康表现作评分和奖励模式,双管齐下鼓励建筑业重视和积极推动职业安全健康,并主动自发做好职业安全健康管理。本文主要介绍政府以评分与奖励双向推动模式,对本澳承造商发展职业安全健康的积极作用,分析两者近年推行的成效,以客观、全面和深入的角度评鉴承造商在职业安全健康方面的工作表现,从中了解、探讨和研究出更切合本澳业界发展和需要的职业安全健康管理系统,从而提升建造业的安全文化。     

Integrated pedestrian countermeasures - Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

A rapid development of both pedestrian passive and active safety, such as pedestrian bonnets/airbags and autonomous braking, is in progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pedestrian head injury reduction from hypothetical passive and active countermeasures compared to an integrated system. The German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was queried from 1999 to 2008 for severely (AIS3+) head injured pedestrians when struck by car or van fronts. This, resulted in 54 cases where information was sufficient. The passive countermeasure was designed to mitigate head injuries caused by the bonnet area, A-pillars, and the remaining windscreen area up to 2.1 m wrap around distance (WAD). The active countermeasure was an autonomous braking system, which was activated one second prior to impact if the pedestrian was visible to a forward-looking sensor. The integrated system was a direct combination of the passive and active countermeasures. Case by case the effect from each of the active, passive and integrated systems was estimated. For the integrated system, the influence of the active system on the passive system performance was explicitly modeled in each case. The integrated system resulted in 50% (95% confidence interval: 30-70%) greater effectiveness than the active countermeasure in reducing the number of pedestrians sustaining severe (AIS3+) head injuries, and 90% (95% CI: 50-150%) greater effectiveness than the passive countermeasure. Integrated systems of passive and active pedestrian countermeasures offer a considerably increased potential for head injury reduction compared to either of the two systems alone.     

职业卫生监督存在的问题及对策

目前我国职业卫生监督存在的主要问题是管理模式、监测手段滞后,技术力量薄弱,监督人员结构不合理.企业职业卫生法制意识淡薄,有毒有害作业场所缺乏卫生防护设施,不重视个人防护、定期监测和健康体检.今后应建立高效的职业安全卫生一体化管理体制,强化政府职业卫生监督管理职能.监督的重点放在作业场所,并逐渐由监督检查向服务转变.应增强监督机构的技术力量,加强职业卫生法律法规的宣传和职业卫生培训,建立监督规范、标准体系,促使职业卫生监督向规范化、程序化、专业化发展.