蛙跳算法优化的地下水质评价的参数化组合算子模型

传统的参数化多元组合算子模型在进行对数变换后,采用最小二乘法求解模型参数。在满足构建的优化目标函数条件下,直接用基于群集智能的混合蛙跳算法对参数化组合算子模型中的参数进行优化,避免了传统解法过程中需要进行的对数变换,因而使参数求解变得简化。改进后的参数化组合算子模型被应用于地下水水质评价,其评价结果与用其他多种方法的评价结果基本一致。从而表明:混合蛙跳算法优化得出的地下水水质评价参数化组合算子模型为地下水水质评价提供了一种简便和实用的新方法。     

油田污染源在线监测中反馈控制系统的设计讨论

针对油田污染源在线监测系统自动化程度不高,提出了一种基于反馈控制的在线监测系统,讨论了其在油田污染源在线监测中的应用价值,并给出控制简图和设计中可能遇到的难点。最后指出,该方法将在一定程度上提高油田污染源在线监测系统的自动化程度。     

Operator dermal exposure and protection provided by personal protective equipment and working coveralls during mixing/loading,application and sprayer cleaning in vineyards

The efficiency of a working coverall combined with personal protective equipment to protect operators against dermal exposure to plant protection products under field conditions was studied. Operators wore a non-certified water-repellent finish polyester/cotton coverall plus a certified gown during the mixing/loading and the cleaning phases. Insecticide foliar application to a vineyard was selected as the exposure scenario. The overall dermal residue levels measured in this study were in the range of data recently collected in Europe. The water-repellent finish working coverall reduced body exposure by a factor of approximately 95%. Wearing a Category III Type 3 partial body gown during mixing/loading and cleaning of the application equipment led to a further protective effect of 98.7%. The combination of a water-repellent finish working coverall and partial body protection during specific tasks provided satisfactory levels of protection and can be considered as suitable protection for the conditions of use studied.     

新疆油田老区注水系统调整改造研究

新疆油田采油三厂原有的注水系统已不能适应地质配注的需求,因此提出以下措施:①打破厂际或区块界限,合理确定注水压力;②对于压力差异较大的区块进行分区、分压注水;③选择高效柱塞泵加变频技术,杜绝高压水回流,提高注水系统效率。对注水系统进行调整改造后,注水管网运行效率、注水泵机组效率、注水系统效率都有大幅度的提高。     

胜利油田采油废水污染现状及达标处理技术探讨

介绍了油田采油外排污水的污染现状,并对油田主要的采油污水处理技术及其在生产中的应用情况进行了调查、分析与评价。调研结果表明:油田采油污水的外排量较大,处理达标率很低,环境污染严重;目前采用的大部分采油外排污水处理技术已不能适应油田生产的需求,必须研究开发新的采油外排污水处理技术。利用氧化塘技术处理桩西联采油废水和利用生物接触氧化法处理孤岛采油废水的工程实验获得成功,废水最终达标排放。     

生物法处理油田采出水

用生物法处理石西油田采出水（简称采出水）,通过中试试验考察了采出水的处理效果。试验结果表明：处理水量为2．5m^3／h、进水中COD小于600mg／L时,出水中COD一般稳定在90～120mg／L,COD去除率一般在70％以上;出水中挥发酚、油质量浓度分别为0．007～0．219,0．1～1．8mg／L,达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》中的二级标准。对油去除效果较好的SYB,SYG,SYJ均为杆状单生鞭毛铜绿假单胞菌。     

Rapid removal of polyacrylamide from wastewater by plasma in the gas–liquid interface

Due to the severe restrictions imposed by legislative frameworks, the removal of polyacrylamide(PAM) rapidly and effectively from produced wastewater in offshore oilfields before discharge is becoming an urgent challenge. In this study, a novel advanced oxidation process based on plasma operated in the gas–liquid interface was used to rapidly decompose PAM, and multiple methods including viscometry, flow field-flow fractionation multi-angle light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the changes of PAM.Under a discharge voltage of 25 kV and pH 7.0, the PAM concentration decreased from 100 to 0 mg/L within 20 min and the total organic carbon(TOC) decreased from 49.57 to1.23 mg/L within 240 min, following zero-order reaction kinetics. Even in the presence of background TOC as high as 152.2 mg/L, complete removal of PAM(100 mg/L) was also achieved within 30 min. The biodegradability of PAM improved following plasma treatment for 120 min. Active species(such as O_3 and H_2O_2) were produced in the plasma. Hydroxyl radical was demonstrated to play an important role in the degradation of PAM due to the inhibitory effect observed after the addition of an ·OH scavenger, Na_2CO_3. Meanwhile, the release of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen confirmed the cleavage of the acylamino group.The results of this study demonstrated that plasma, with its high efficiency and chemicalfree features, is a promising technology for the rapid removal of PAM.     

考虑人因可靠性的安全仪表功能SIL验证方法研究

油气站场一般设置有紧急停车系统（ESD）等存在操作员介入的非常规安全仪表功能（SIF）,为解决已有的安全完整性等级（SIL）评估方法不能针对此类SIF进行功能安全评价的情况。对存在操作员介入的非常规SIF进行研究,将其中的人为因素细分为观察、决策和执行3个阶段;根据各类人因可靠性分析方法优缺点,筛选CREAM和HCR方法分别分析紧急情景环境和应急响应时间对非常规SIF人因失效概率的影响,建立考虑人因可靠性的SIL验证模型;基于此模型选取某输油站典型SIF开展SIL评估,分析人因失效对SIF整体可靠性的影响水平,并提出改善措施。结果表明:将操作员应急响应过程中的人因失效概率引入传统的SIL验证模型中,可实现对非常规SIF的功能安全评价;人因失效对非常规SIF具有显著影响,筛选的人因可靠性模型可准确计算人因失效概率。     

基于改进相互作用矩阵的基坑施工安全风险评价

为解决现有基坑施工风险评价方法过于单一、客观性不足的问题,从勘察设计与监测、支护结构、土方施工、排水与降水、周围环境5个方面选取19个基坑施工安全影响因素;利用引入C-OWA算子的相互作用矩阵对其进行交互耦合分析,考虑各因素的单独作用效果的同时,在削弱专家主观偏好和综合考虑各因素相关性的基础上,研究其协同作用效果;最后用实例验证方法的实用性,结果表明:该项目整体风险偏高,其中排水系统能力、地下水水位和地下管线埋布是影响该基坑施工安全的主要风险因素,需重点防控。     

破乳剂对模拟油田二元复合驱采出水的作用机理

针对破乳剂成分与结构对油田采出水破乳脱稳的影响机制仍不明确的问题,依据新疆油田二元驱实际采出水组成配制模拟二元复合驱采出水,考察有机破乳剂种类和结构及无机电解质对其破乳脱稳的影响.结果表明,合成有机破乳剂的起始剂种类对破乳脱稳的影响较大,起始剂含量具有一定影响,而EO/PO比的影响相对较小.PAC和Al2(SO4)3的破乳脱稳效果最好,投加量500 mg/L时均能将剩余含油量降低到10 mg/L以下;而FeSO4和ZnSO4次之,NH4Cl较差.破乳剂通过电性中和及与HPAM形成的协同絮凝作用,促进了油滴的碰撞聚并,达到了较好的破乳脱稳效果.